3. The intention required is simply an in tent to use or dispose of the goods, and the knowledge or ignorance of the defendant as to their ownership has no influence in deciding the question of conversion. 3 Ired. No. C. 29 ; 4 Den. N.Y Y. 180; 30 Vt. 307 ; 11 Cush. Mass. 11; 17 111. 413 ; 33 N. H. 151.
A license may be presumed where the tak ing was under a necessity, in some cases, 2 Bulstr. 280; 6 Esp. 81; or, it is said, to do a work of charity, 2 Greenleaf, Ev. 643, or a kindness to the owner, 4 Esp. 195; 11 Mo. 219; 8 Meth. Mass. 578 ; without intent, in the last two cases, to injure or convert it. 8 Mete. Mass. 578. For what constitutes a conver sion as between joint owners, see 2 Dev. & B. Na. C. 252 ; 3 id. 175. 1 Hayw. No. C. 255 ; 6 Hill, N. Y. 461; 21 Wend. N. Y. 72; 2 Murph..So. C. 65 ; 4 Vt. 164; 16 id. 382; 1 Dutch. N. J. 173; and as to a joint conver sion by two or more, see 2 N. H. 546 ;15 Conn. 384; 2 Rich. So. C. 507; 3 E. D. Smith, N. Y. 555; 40 Me. 574.
An original unlawful taking is in general conclusive evidence of a conversion, 1 M'Cord, So. C. 213 ; 15 Johns. N. Y. 431 ; 8 Pick. Mass. 543 ;10 Mete. Mass. 442; 13 N. H. 494 ; 17 Conn. 154; 29 Penn. St. 154; as is the existence of a state of things which constitutes an actual con version, 3 Wend. N. Y. 406 ; 6 id. 603 ; 7 Halst. N. J. 244; 1 Leigh, Va. 86; 12 Me. 243; 3 Mo. 382; 14 Vt. 367 ; without showing a demand and refusal ; but where the original taking was lawful and the detention only is illegal, a de mand and refusal to deliver must be shown, 1 Chitty, Pl. 179; 3 Bouvier, Inst. n. 3522; Mete. Yelv. 174, n.; 2 East, 405 ; 6 id. 540 ; 5 Barnew. & C. 146; 2 J. J Marsh. Ky. 84; 16
Conn. 71; 19 Mo. 467; 2 Cal. 571; but this evidence is open to explanation and rebuttal, 2 Wms. Saund. 47 e; 5 Barnew. & Ald. 847; 16 Conn. 71; 6 Serg. & R. Penn. 300; 8 Mete. Mass. 548 ; 1 Cow. N. Y. 322; 28 Barb. N. Y. 75; 8 Md. 148; even though absolute. 2 Crompt. M. & R. Exch. 495.
4. The refusal, to constitute such evidence, must be unconditional, and not a reasonable excuse, 4 Esp. 156 ; 7 Carr. & P. 285 ; 3 Ad. & E. 106 ; 5 N. H. 225 ; 8 Vt. 433 ; 9 Ala. 383; 16 Conn. 76 ; 1 Rich. So. C. 65 ; 24 Barb. N. Y. 528; or accompanied by a condition which the party has no right to impose, 6 Q. B. 443; 2 Dev. No. ; if made by an agent, must be within the scope of his authority, to bind the principal, 2 Salk. 441 ; 6 Jur. 507 ; 5 Hill, N. Y. 455 ; 1 E. D. Smith, N. Y. 522; but is not evidence of conversion where accompanied by a condition which the party has a right to impose. 2 Bingh. No. C. 448 ; 6 Q. B. 443; 5 Barnew. & Ald. 247 ; 4 Taunt. 198; 7 Johns. N. Y. 302 ; 2 Dev. No. C. 130; 2 Mas. C. C. 77. It may be made at any time prior to bringing suit, 2 Greenleaf, Ev. 644. 2 H. Blaokst. 135 • 11 Mees. & W. Exch. 366 ; 6 Johns. N. Y. 44 ; if before he has parted with his possession. 11 Vt. 351. It may be in ferred from non-compliance with a proper demand. 7 Carr. & P. 339; 2 Johns. Cas. N. Y. 411. The demand must be a proper one, 2 N. H. 546; 1 Johns. Cas. N. Y. 406 ; 2 Const. So. C. 239; 9 Ala. 744; made by the proper person, see 2 Brod. &. B. 447; 2 Mas. C. C. 77 ; 12 Me. 328 ; and of the pro per person or persons. See 13 East, 197; 3 Q. B. 699 ; 2 N. II. 546 ; 1 E. D. Smith, N. Y. 522.