DWELLING-HOUSE. But burglary may be com mitted in a church, at common law. 3 Cox, Cr. Cas. 581; Coke, 3d Inst. 64. It must be the dwelling-house of another person. 1 Bishop, Crim. Law, 91 • 2 East, P1. Cr. 502. See 4 Dev. & B. No. C.422; 12 N. H. 42; 1 Russ. & R. Cr. Cas. 525 ; 1 Mood. Cr. Cas. 42.
3. At what time it must be committed. The offence must be committed in the night; for in the day-time there can be no burglary. 4 Blackstone, Comm. 224 ; 1 Carr. & K. 77 ; 16 Conn. 32; 10 N. H. 105. For this pur pose it is deemed night when by the light of the sun a person cannot clearly discern the face or countenance of another. 1 Hale, Pl. Cr. 550; Coke, 3d Inst. 63 ; 1 Carr. & P. 297 ; 7 Dane, Abr. 134. This rule, it is evident, does not apply to moonlight. 4 Blackstone, Comm. 224; 2 Russell, Crimes, 32; 10 N. H. 105 ; 6 Miss. 20. See 2 Cush. Mass. 582. The breaking and entering need not be done the same night, 1 Russ. & R. 417 ; but it is necessary the breaking and entering should be in the night-time ; for if the breaking be in day-light and the entry in the night, or vice versa, it is said, it will not be burglary. 1 Hale, Pl. Cr. 551; 2 Russell, Crimes, 32. But gucere, Wilmot, Burg'. 9. See Comyns, Dig. Justices (P. 2) ; 2 Chitty, Crim. Law, 1092.
4. The means used. There must be both a breaking and an entry or an exit. An actual breaking takes place when the burglar breaks or removes any part of the house, or the fastenings provided for it, with violence. 1 Bishop, Crim. i 190. Breaking a win dow, taking a pane of glass out, by breaking or bending the nails or other fastenings, 1 Carr. & P. 300 ; 9 id. 44 ; 1 Russ. & R. 341, 499 ; Leach, Cr. Cas. 406 ; cutting and tearing down a netting of twine nailed over an open window, 8 Pick. Mass. 354, 384 ; raising a latch, where the door is not otherwise fastened, 1 Strange, 481 ; 8 Carr. & P. 747 ; Coxe, N. J. 439 ; 1 Hill, N. Y. 336 ; 4 id. 437 ; 25 Me. 500 ; picking open a lock with a false key ; hutting back the lock of a door, or the fasten ing of a window, with an instrument ; lower ing a window fastened only by a wedge or weight, 1 Russ. & R. 355, 451 ; turning the key when the door is locked in the inside, or unloosening any other 'fastening which the owner has provided ; lifting a trap-door, 1 Mood. Cr. Cas. 377, but see 4 Carr. & P. 231, are several instances of actual breaking. But removing a loose plank in a partition wall was held not a breaking. 1 Mass. 476. Accord
ing to the Scotch law, entering a house by means of the true key, while in the door, or when it had been stolen, is a breaking. Ali son, Pract. 284. See 1 Swint. Just. Sc. 433. Constructive breakings occur when the burglar gains an entry by fraud, 1 Crawf. & D. Cr. Cas. 202 ; Hob. 62 ; 18 Ohio, 308 ; 9 Ired. No. C. 463 ; by conspiracy, or threats. 1 Russell, Crimes, Graves ed. 792 ; 2 id. 2 ; 2 Chitty, Crim. Law, 1093. The breaking of an in ner door of the house will be sufficient to constitute a burglary. 1 Hale, Pl. Cr. 553 ; 1 Strange, 481 ; 8 Carr. & P. 747 ; 1 Hill & D. N. Y. 63 ; 2 Bishop, Crim. Law, 84.
5. Any the least entry, with the whole or any part of the body, hand, or foot, or with any instrument or weapon, introduced for the pur pose of committing a felony, will he sufficient to constitute the offence. Coke, 3d Inst. 64; 4 Blackstone, Comm. 227 ; Bacon, Abr. Bur glary ( B ) ; Comyns, Dig. Justices ( P 4 ). But the introduction of an instrument, in the act of breaking the house, will not be sufficient entry unless it be introduced for the purpose of committing a felony. 1 Leach, Cr. Cas. 4th ed. 406 ; 1 Mood. Cr. Cas. 183 ; 1 Gabbett, Crim. Law, 174. The whole physical frame need not pass within. 1 Bishop, Crim. Law, 81-83 ; 1 Gabbett, Crim. Law, 176. See 1 Russ. & R. Cr. Cas. 417 ; 7 Carr. & P. 432 ; 9 id. 44 ; 4 Ala, N. s. 643.
There was, at common law, doubt whether breaking out of a dwelling-house would con stitute burglary, 4 Blackstone, Comm. 227 ; 1 Bennett & II. Lead. Crim. Cas. 540 ; but it was declared to be so by stat. 12 Anne, c. 7, 3, and 7 & 8 Geo. IV. c. 29, 11. As to what acts constitute a breaking out, see 1 Jebb, Cr. Cas. 99 ; 8 Carr. & P. 747 ; 4 zd. 231; 1 Russell, Crimes, Graves ed. 792 ; 1 Bennett & H. Lead. Crim. Cas. 540-544.
6. The intention. The intent of the break.
ing and entry must be felonious: if, a felony, 'however, be committed, the act will be prima facie evidence of an intent to commit it. 1 Gabbett, Crim. Law, 192. If the breaking and entry'be with an intention to commit a trespass, or other misdemeanor, and nothing further is done, the offence will not be bur glary. 7 Mass. 245 ; 16 Vt. 551; 1 Hale, Pl. Cr. 560; East, Pl. Cr. 509, 514, 515 Russell, Crimes, 33. Consult Bishop ; Chitty ; Gab bett; Russell on Criminal Law ; Bennett & Heard, Leading Criminal Cases ; Wilmot, Digest of Burglary.