VIIL Every officer must he responsible to the affected person for the legality of his act; and no sot must be done for which some one ia not re sponsible.
IX. It has been deemed necessary in the Bill of Rights and the American constitution specially to refer to the quartering of soldiers as a dangerous weapon in the hands of the executive.
5. X. The forces must be strictly submitted to the law, and the citizen should have the right to hear arms.
XL The right of petitioning, and the right of meeting and considering public matters, and of organizing into associations for any lawful pur poses, are important guarantees of civil liberty.
The following guarantees relate more especially to the government of a. free country and the cha racter or its polity: XII. Publicity of public bnsinesa in all ita branches, whether legislative, judicial, written, or oral.
XIII. The supremacy of the law, or the protecXiii. The supremacy of the law, or the protec-
tion against the absolutism of one, of several, or of the majority, requires other guarantees. It is necessary that the public funds be under close and efficient popular control; they shonld therefore be chiefly in the hands of the popular branch of the legislature, never of the executive. Appropria tions should also be for distinct purposes and short times.
6. XIV. It is further necessary that the power of making war reside with the people, and not with the executive. A declaration of war in the United States is an aot of congres.s.
XV. The aupremacy of the law requires, also, not only the protection of the minority, but the protection of the majority against the rule of a factious minority or cabal.
XVI. The majority and, through it, the people are protected by the principle that the administra tion is founded on party principles.