The peace did not last. In September of the same year there was a revolt in the capital, the British resident, Sir Louis Cavagnari, and his suite were murdered, and the British troops, which were on the point of withdrawing from the country. were compelled to renew the campaign. The Kabul army under General Roberts was the strongest column and held the key to the situa tion. General Burrows was defeated by the Afghans in July, 1880, and compelled to retreat to Kandahar, which seemed likely to be captured. It was saved by the brilliant march of General Roberts with a strong force from the main army, a march which won for him a peerage with the title Lord Roberts of Kandahar. Abd-ur-Rah man (q.v.) having been accepted as Ameer by the Afghan chiefs, was recognized by Great Brit ain. lie soon established his government firmly, and maintained, until his death in 1901, a good understanding with Great Britain, while not antagonizing Russia. His son Habib Ullab suc ceeded him. A treaty with Great Britain in 1893 gave Kafiristan to Afghanistan, which renounced its claims to Waziristan. Afghan istan is politically important in the present con dition of Asia as a buffer State between the two great rivals, Russia and Great Britain, and as one of the harriers between Russian Central Asia and the southern sea.
There is a voluminous literature of descrip tion, travels, and political discussion relating to Afghanistan, and several personal narratives of the British campaigns have been published.
For ethnology, see Bellew, Races of Afghanistan (London, 1880), and Oliver, Pathan and Biloelz (London, 1890). Among the more useful works on the history of the country may be noted: Malleson, History of Afghanistan (London, 1879) ; Mir Bukhari Abd al Karim, Histoire de l'Asie rentrale: Afghanistan, Boukhara, Ku ira, Khoquand, 1740-181S, translated by Schefer (Paris, 1876) ; Wheeler, A Short Histo•g of India and of the Frontier States of Afghanistan (London. 1880) ; Grant, Cassell's Illustrated His tory of India (Volumes I. and II., London, 1877) ; Lord Roberts, Forty-nine Years in India (London, 18971 ; Forbes, TheAfghanWars (London.1892 ) ; Hanna, The Second Afghan War, 1878-1580, Volume I. (London, 1899) ; Bellew, Afghanistan and the Afghans. (London, 1879), and Walker, Afghanistan (London, 1885), a somewhat preju diced English view. On Afghanistan as a buffer State between Russia and Great Britain in Asia: Marvin, The Russians at the Gates of Herat (Ne• York, 1885) ; Rodenbough, Afghanistan and the .1 nglo-llussian Dispute (New fork, 1885), •hip)] contains a list of authorities; Cu• zon, llussi« in Central Asia (London, 1899). which contains a bibliography: Colqulionn, 11' us sia Against India (New York. Palo). Consult also: .MacMahon, The Southern liorde•laniIR of f ghanist an (London, 1S97 ; Gray, „I t the Court of the nicer (London. 1S9.1) : and Gore, Lights; and Rhodes of ll ill Life in the .1 fgha n and Hindu Highlands of the Punjab (London, 1890).