EUROPE. England has been entirely free from these outrages, the nearest approach being a riot at Trafalgar Square, London. November 13, 1887.
The Continent of Europe has not fared so well. In March, 1892, there was a series of explosions in France. For one of these Rava chol was executed (June 11, 1892), and others imprisoned. A plot to blow up the Paris Bourse was frustrated. Manifestos urging armed up risings were issued by anarchists. There were serious disturbances and explosions in Spain and Italy. In February, 1893, bombs were exploded at Rome. At Barcelona, on September 23d, a bomb was thrown into a group of stair officers at a military review, which wounded several officers, one of whom was Captain-General Mar tinez Campos, and killed one guard. For this, Codina and five accomplices were shot May 21, 1894. A general conspiracy was unearthed at Vi enna. September 23d. On November 7th a bomb was thrown into the pit of a Barcelona theatre, which killed thirty and wounded eighty. Salvada French was executed for this crime. On December 9th, at Paris, during a session of the Chamber of Deputies, a bomb was thrown from the gallery. A woman, pereei\ ing the intentions of the thrower, grasped his arm, causing the bomb to strike a chandelier and explode harmlessly. Vaillant, whose real name was Konigstein, a man of German descent, was immediately identi fied as the thrower, and was executed January 10. 189• his last words being "Vive l'anarehie!" The French Government had previously passed a law making such attempt; capital offenses, even though no one was killed. A week after the execution of Vaillant, and in revenge for his execution, a man named Emile Henry exploded a bomb in the café of the Hotel Terminus, severe ly wounding many guests. Henry was executed May 21, 1894.
There were outrages at Marseilles and other cities. An infernal machine was sent to Count Caprivi, the imperial German Chancellor and Foreign Minister. In March, 1894, a bomb ex
ploded before the Chamber of Deputies at Rome, but did no great harm. On June 10th an attempt was made on the life of Crispi. For this Paul Fega was sentenced to twenty years' imprison ment. President Carnot of France was assassi nated June 24th by an Italian Anarchist. Santo Caserio. He died the following (lay. Caserio was guillotined August 15th. A plot against the French Premier Dupuy was frustrated. Active measures were taken against the anarchists, par ticularly in Italy, where some 2000 suspects were arrested during the summer. The year 1895 was comparatively quiet. In 1:896 eleven were killed and forty wounded by an explosion at Barcelona. For this, which was the result of a conspiracy, five men were shot, thirteen im prisoned for over ten years, and seven for less than ten years. The premier of Spain, Sefior Canovas del Castillo, was assassinated August 8, 1897, by an Italian. Michele Angiolillo, who was executed eleven days after the crime. On Sep tember 10, 1898. the Empress of Austria was as sassinated in Switzerland by an Italian, Luc eheni, who had come thither intending to kill the Duke of York, but, not finding him, vented his fury upon the Empress. Lueeheni was im mediately apprehended and sentenced to solitary confinement for life. The death of the Empress caused the summoning of an anti-anarchist con ference, attended by representatives of the vari ous governments. The sessions were held at Rome, November 24th to December 21st. The re sults were not made public. King Humbert of Italy was assassinated July 29, 1900, by a coun tryman, Angelo Bresci. Bresci had been living in America, and went to Italy intending to assassi nate the King. The murderer was sentenced to life imprisonment.