This high crime against the dignity of nations brought the retribution which had not followed years of barbarous piracy. In 1S30 the Dey and the Turks were expelled by a French fleet and a strong army under Bourmont. The excesses of the French soldiers awoke the resentment of the native population, who regarded all restraints as removed when their Turkish masters were driven out. For seventeen years the Arabs maintained a vigorous resistance to the French, and after them the Kabyles, the native popula tion of the original Berber stock, still continued the struggle in a desultory manner. The drastic measures of the French military government did not tend to pacify the people, whose antagonism was inflamed by race hatred and religious fanati cism. For many years the French commanders were men trained in the Napoleonic school, such as Bourmont, Clause], and Bugeaud; and mean while a new set of younger officers, like Changar nier and Cavaignae, who were to become known under the Second Empire, were trained in the severe school of Algerian service. Bourmont was succeeded by Clausel, Berthezene, and the Duke of Rovigo, all of whom failed to master the sit uation. Abd-el-Kader, a young Arab emir of marked abilities and dauntless spirit, had mean while brought together and organized the scat tered forces of rebellion, and was secretly as sisted by the Emperor of Morocco. A treaty was concluded with him during the provisional ad ministration of General Voirol, and an attempt was made to promote the material interests of the country. Toward the end of 1834 there was an effort to organize the administration on a permanent civil basis, and General Drouet d'Er Ion was made Governor-General, but a renewed outbreak by Abd-el-Kader led to his recall and that of the military commandant. Clausel, now a Marshal, was sent back to the Regency in 1835, but had to be refinforeed by Bugeand, who made a peace with the Arab chieftain, May 20, 1837, by which Abd-el-Kader recognized the sovereign ty of France, but received in return several val uable provinces. In February, 1837, Damremont succeeded Clausel as Governor-General, and after the former's death, at the storming of Constan tine, General Valee was appointed to the difficult post. In October, 1839, Abd-el-Kader violated his last treaty on an insignificant pretext, and a general attack was made upon the French posi tions. Bugeaud supplanted Valee in 1841, and began an inexorable and unscrupulous campaign against the Arabs with an army augmented to nearly 100,000 men. Abd-el-Kader kept up a determined fight against odds until December, 1847, when he surrendered to General Lamori (See A IM-EIL-KADEE. ) An irregular war fare against French authority was then taken up by the Kabyles, thwarting for many years all attempts to establish civil government.
From 1858 to 1860 the military government of Algeria was superseded by the institution of a special ministerial department for Algeria and the colonies, which was first of all intrusted to Prince Napoleon. In December, 1860, however, a military government was reinstituted, and Marshal Pelissier made Governor-General, with a vice-governo• him, a Direetor-General for civil affairs, and a Council of thirty members. In 1863, the Emperor Napoleon announced that he was willing to give the colony a new con stitution, with a chamber of representatives for provincial affairs; he also addressed a letter to the Governor-General, in which he explained that Algeria was no colony in the strict sense of the word, but an Arab kingdom, and that the natives had the same right to protection as the colonists. In 1864, however, strife again arose
between the colonists and the Arabs; and it was only after several engagements, during the months of April and May, that peace was re stored by the submission of the conquered tribes. nillissier having died in May, 1S64, Marshal MacMahon was appointed to succeed him. In the following year, the Emperor himself made a journey to Algeria, and on March 5th issued a proclamation, in which, although explaining to the Arabs that the Regency must continue to be united to France, he promised to maintain their nationality, and at the same time gave them as surance that they should always remain in un disturbed possession of their territories. Yet these and other measures for conciliating the Arabs were all in vain; for, shortly after the Em peror's return to France, insurrections broke out in the province of Oran and elsewhere. In 1867 and 1868, a severe and general famine checked the military enterprises of the Arabs; and there was peace till 1870, when, owing to the Franco Prussian War, the Emperor found it necessary to withdraw to Europe the greater part of the forces in Africa. MacMalion's place was then taken by General Durieu, as interim Governor General, and the natives began to entertain hopes of freeing themselves from the yoke of France. The last serious rebellion was suppressed in 1871, and a civil government was then established. In 1881 France declared a protectorate over Tunis, in order to safeguard its interests in Algeria. Colonization was promoted after the Franco-Prussian War, by the offer of homes to those French Alsatians who did not care to remain under German rule. Algeria is now be coming a prosperous and valuable possession, and is strategically important as the base for the extension of French influence in Africa, es pecially across the Sahara to the Sudan and the west coast.
There is considerable literature relating to Algeria, that which is valuable being chiefly in French. For history, geography, and gen eral description, consult: Gaffarel, L'Algerie, histaire, conquete, colonisation (Paris, 1883) ; Paul Leroy-Beaulieu, L'Algerie et la Tunisie (Paris, 1887).; Battandier and Trabut, L'Al gdric (Paris, 1898) ; Levasseur, La France et scs colonies (Paris, 1893) ; Cat, Petite histoire de l'Algftie, Tunisie, Maroc (Algiers, 1888-91) ; Rousset, Les commencements crane eonquCte; l',11,g&ie de 18.10 a 18'10 (Paris, 1887), and La eompulte de l'Algerie, 1841-1857 (Paris, 1889). Several of the French officers who commanded in Algeria wrote memoirs of the campaigns. English works that may be consulted are Wilkin, Among the Berbers of Algeria (New' York, 1900) ; Mo•el], Algeria (London, 1854) ; Nugent, A Land of Mosques and Mara bouts (London, 1894) ; Bridgman, Winters in Algeria (New York, 1890) ; Playfair, The Scourge of Christendom (London, 1884), a record of piratical Algiers, based mainly on consular archives; also a Bibliography of Algeria, pub lished by the Royal Geographical Society, Lon don, 1888.