INSECT PESTS. A large number of in tent-worms and canker-worms (q.v.) are promi nent among these. In Europe the principal damage is done by a small white, black-spotted ermine-moth I Hy/momenta padellas), and in Japan by a moth (Lorena, herellera), whose larvat live in the core of the fruit. The worst American insect of this class is the codling-moth, which may be treated by spraying with an in secticide (q.v.). Paris green or London purple is most frequently used for this purpose. A calen dar showing the kind and approximate time of spraying to check insect pests and diseases is given below': sects injuriously affect apple trees and fruit, among whieh certain beetles and moths are pre eminent. Borers.—Wood-boring beetles are very destructive, especially the round-headed borer (8aperda eandida) (see Plate of BEETLES ) , and the flat-headed borer (Chrysobothris femorata). The former is the worst enemy, after the eodling moth, of apple-culture in the United States; and like the others does its damage as a grub, born from an egg laid in the bark, where it bores into and feeds upon the sap-wood. A special de
scription of these beetles and other apple-eating beetles, with advice as to control of similar pests, is given by F. 11. Chittenden in Entomological Circular No. 32, second series, and Bulletin 22, of the United States Department of Agriculture .( Washington, 1S98-1900). Various root-borers '-ind fruit-borers are also to he feared here and in oreign lands, especially in Australia, where also harlequin fruit-bug is dangerous. .1/oths.— Important enemies are to be found among the .epidoptera, which place eggs within the blos som, whence caterpillars develop within the ripened fruit; or which destroy the leaves. The Directions for making and applying these sprays may be found in the article FUNGICIDE.