ith the Nizam, the Alahrattas, and the Rajah of Coorg as allies, Cornwallis in 1790 made war on Tippu, Sultan of Mysore, who had invaded Travancore, then under British protection. Terms were dictated to Tippu at his capital, Seringapa tam, and he was compelled to cede half of his domains to the Company. Cornwallis was suc ceeded by Sir John Shore (1793-93), whose rule was in no respect memorable. Shore was fol lowed by the Marquis of Wellesley (1793-1805). The British Empire in the East, like that of Na poleon I. in Europe, could be maintained only by constant fighting. Tippu broke his faith by in triguing against the English, both with the French and with native princes. His bad faith cost him his crown and life; in May, 1799. Seringapatam was stormed and Tippu killed. The Hindu dynasty displaced by Hyder Ali was restored, and the administration was carried on successfully for the youm Rajah by Sir Artbur Wellesley, afterwards Duke of Wellington. In the famous battle of Assaye in 1303, he defeated the Mahrattas under Sindhia, and the victories of Lord Lake in Northern India extended consid erably the dominions of the Company. As Lord Wellesley's policy was too aggressive to suit the views of the East India Company, he was super seded by Lord Cornwallis. who returned to India only to die. Lord Minto, who governed from 1807 to 1813, organized the districts conquered by Wellesley. This administration was peace ful—a reaction of the profit-seeking Company against the ambitious policy of Minto's prede cessor.
The Marquis of Hastings (1813-23) con quered the Gurkhas of Nepal, forced the Mah ratta ruler of Indore to cede a great part of his territories, crushed the robber gangs called Pin dark, and made the British power supreme in India. The next administrations were those of Earl Amherst (1323-23) and Lord William Ben thick (1323-351. The first was signalized by the first Burmese War. the second by the suppression of suttee and the thugs. It wits Bentinck, in fact, who introduced the idea of governing India for the good of the governed. The Earl of Auck land (1336-42) followed Bentinek. Ile is known chiefly by his unjustifiable and disastrous attempt to make British influence paramount in Afghan istan (q.v.). An unexpected insurrection in Kabul compelled the retreat of the British army. which was overwhelmed in the Kurd Kabul Pass (1342). Auckland was succeeded by the Earl of Ellenborough (1S42 - 441. The `army of retribution' proceeded to Kabul soon after Lord Ellenborough took the reins of gov ernment. Kabul was sacked and several public buildings razed to the ground, after which the country was evacuated and Dost Mohammed al lowed to reoccupy his throne. The conquest of Singh by Charles Napier, followed by its annexa tion, also belongs to this administration. Lord Ellenborough having been recalled by the East India directors, from alarm at his martial ten dencies, Sir Henry Hardinge (1841-18) was sent to take his place. The attention of the new Gov ernor-General, however, was soon diverted from works of peace to battle with the bravest people of India. Ever since the death of Itunjit Singh, the ally of the English in 18:39, the Punjab had been in a state of disorganization. The Sikhs, uneasy at the conquests made by the British in Siudh and Gwalior, resolved to invade British territory. The first Sikh war (1845-413) com meneed on the part of the Punjab by the pas sage of the Sutlej, and was followed by the bloody battles of Mudki, Firozshali, Aliwal, and Sobraon, in which, after hard fighting, the Sikhs were defeated with great slaughter. The result of the war was that a British Resident and Brit ish troops were stationed at Lahore, although the boy prince, Dhulip Singh, was acknowledged as Maharajah under a protectorate. The Cis Sutlej States. the Jalandhar Doab, and the region between the Ravi and the Sutlej were annexed.
The administration of the Marquis of Dal housie (1848-56), who succeeded Hardinge, is memorable for the commencement of superb pub lic works, the introduction of cheap uniform postage, railways, telegraphs, improvements in government, and social progress generally; a second Sikh war, ending in the victory of Guja rat, February 21. 1849; a second Burmese war. finished in 1852; and the annexation of four kingdoms—the Punjab, Pegn, Nagpur, and Oudh, besides lesser territories, such as Satara. The organization of the Punjab into a model prov ince, soon to become notable for prosperity as well as for its faithfulness to England, was a splendid achievement, of which Dalhousie had reason to be proud. When Lord Can ning (1356-62) assumed office. everything prom ised peace and prosperity. With the early days of 1857, however, came the first mutterings of the storm that was to sweep over a large portion of British India. At the commencement of the
year cakes of were circulated mysteriously through the region of the Lipper Ganges; by this means the natives were concerting rebellion. Treasonable placards appeared at Delhi. and other suspicious occurrences gave warning of native disaffection or conspiracy. The chief causes of discontent seem to have been the an nexation policy and the rapid introduction of modern European improvements. which, by threatening to destroy the whole native civiliza tion of India. roused the fears and superstitions of Ilindus and Mohammedans alike. At the same time the English civil and military officials failed to respect the religious feelings of their subjects. For instance, the Enfield rifle with its cart ridge, greased with tallow and lard, was at this time put into the hands of the Sepo•s without explanation or precaution: and General Anson, the commander-in-chief, snubbed caste, and was against all concession to the 'beastly prejudices' of the natives. It must be remembered that the Hindu considered the cow sacred. and he would lose caste by tasting anything, prepared from its !neat. while the Mohammedan was not permitted by his religion to eat pork. Suddenly the dis affection broke out into open revolt before the English Were aware of the danger. cm May 10, 1557, tile Sepoy .Mutiny began at Meerut, a town in the of Delhi, with a frenzied uprising I ratite hall been exasperated by the imprisonment of miniber of their men who had refused to handle ea rt ridges. The liberated their comrades and proceeded to massacre the Europeans. The British troops failed to act promptly. and the Meerut Sepo:ts rushed to Delhi to raise the standard of the fallen Alogul. His person, invested Milli the n, of na tive sovereignty, naturally became the centre of rebellion. Delhi at once fell into the hands of the inutimers. Nana Sahib of Itithur, whose claims as the adopted son of the Peshwa of the Alahrattas had not been recognized by the 13rit ish Government. fanned the insurrection. At the end of dune General \VIlveler was forced to sur render to him at Cawnpore: and. in spite of the promise of safe conduct to Allahabod, all the men were immediately massacred. The women and children were butchered On duly 15th, by order of Nana Sahib, when he heard of Ilavc• lock's march from Allahabad. Nana Sahib was unable to withstand Ilavelock, who entered Ca wn pore. The Europeans in the residency at Lucknow were besieged on June30th. Four days afterwards, the commandant, Sir Ilenry (hell of his wounds, and his place was taken by Inglis, oho bravely 111C111 out. t ill he was relieved. on Sep tember 25th, by the heroie Havelock. Tino final relief was achieved by Sir Colin Campbell, and on November 17t11 the city was again in com plete possession of the British. In the mean while, in September, Delhi was retaken by Gen eral :\relidale \Vilson. By June, 1855, no city or fortress of any importance remained in the hands of the mutineers. Oita was entirely reduced by the beginning of the year 1859. The able rebel leader, Tantia Topi, a .Nlaliratta III-ohm:in, was taken, tried by court•martial, and hanged. Dur ing the mutiny valuable assistance and protec tion were received from many native chiefs. On the other hand, it was the fate of the last repre sentative Of the East India Compony to sentence the. last Great. Mogul and heir of the Douse of Timur to be transported across the seas as a felon.' Ile died in Pegu in 1562. The transfer of the Government of India to theliBritish Crown (1855) was the immediate consequenee of the mutiny. Under the system then inam_ntrated, the Government of India is vested in a Principal Secretary of State, responsible to the Crown, and assisted by a council sitting in London. Subject to this authority is the Governor-General, hence forth termed the Viceroy, aided by an Exeentive Council, eorresponding to the old Colincil of Cal cutta, and by a new Legislative Council. com posed in part of non-offieial native as well as European. first Viceroy was Lord Canning. '11w two following Viceroys were the Earl of Elgin (1562-63) and Sir John Lawrence (1563-69). Toward the close of Lord Elgin's administration. a 1\144hommellan rising in North west India was apprehended, and it was con sidered desirable that the new Viceroy should have practical experieneo of Indian af fairs. Sir John. afterwards Lord T.atvrrnrr, was riecordimAy appointed Viceroy lie emulticted the Government with prudence and zeal; hut unfortunate events occurred during his term of office. .\ war in Bhutan terminated unsat isfactorily for England in 1865; and a dread ful famine in ori--a. resulting from it drought, caused the death of people. Ile was...11, 4,4414A by the Ea rl of Mayo ( I ).