The work of the Young Ireland Party was in time taken up by the Fenian Society which accomplished nothing, except arousing English feeling by various outrages, and thus giv ing rise to several coercive measures. Far reaehing reforms, however, came about through the efforts of Gladstone. On July 26, 1869, a measure was passed by Parliament. which finally disestablished the Irish Church. the act taking effect on January I, IS71. ( See IRELAND, CDURCII OF.) Many reforms in the land laws were also carried out, which are described in detail under IRISH LAND LAWS: while the agrarian agitation is treated under LAND Ireland, however. was not content with ecclesiastical and agrarian reforms, and Home Rule (q.v.) became the all absorbing question, the cane finding a champion of great ability in Charles Stewart Parnell (q.v.). In 1SS0 the agrarian movement in Ireland devel oped into a system of organized terrorism. As a result of this lawlessness a bill became law on March 2, ISSI. known as the Coercion Act. which gave the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland power. by warrant, to arrest any person, on mere sus picion, for treason, intimidation, and the like. Under this law Parnell and other Irish leaders were arrested, but. as usual, the Irish retaliated with outrages, which culminated in the murder of the Chief Secretary for Ireland, Lord Frederick Cavendish, and the permanent Under-Secretary. Thomas II. Burke. in Plovnix Park, Dublin, on May 6. ISS2. Thereupon the Government passed an exceptionally stringent and severe Crimes Act, which. among other things. permitted the
examination of witnesses without bringing any specific charges against individuals. By this means a body. known as the `Invincibles' (q.v.). was discovered, under whose auspices most of the outrages had been perpetrated.
But both the Liberals and Conservatives in England ultimately recognized that existing con *titbit's could not continue. At first the f'onser %alive Party negotiated with the Irish National ists. on August I t, 1 S's5, t lie cxccpt I laws were allowed to lapse by the Conservative try. In April. Is86. Gladstf tie. the great Liberal leader, proclaimed the right of Ireland to Home Yule by introducing his bill in Parliament. The Irish question had passed into it wholly new phase, has been treated under the various separate article,: referred to above.
Itint.toutt.teity. Lewis, Topographinal Diction ary of Ireland (London, 1s401; Fine Arts and Civilization of ineitnt Ireland (Lon don. IS0:11 ; Ireland, Industrial. Politi social 1871)1 : 11uII. Physical neology and Geography of Ireland (London, 1S7:) : Kane, The Industrial Resources of Jr, land (Dublin. IsSt I; Dennis. industrial Ir. land (London. I887) ; Baden-Powell. The .'acing of Ireland (Edinburgh. 18981; Gannon, .t RevOic of Irish History in Relation to the .‘.;ocial Devel opment of Ireland (London• 19001 : Pr. s• oat Irish Questions (London. 1901); Industrial and Agricilltura I." Department of A gricult tire and Technical Instruction for Ireland 1902.).