HERZEN, hr.rts'en, ALEXANDER 1VANOVITC11 ( 1812-70). A Russian publicist and author, born at 'Moscow. lie was the illegitimate child of a rich nobleman, lean .‘lexey•vitell VakovlyelT. Ile r• ceived the fashionable French education of the 011111'. Mid %\ hill' at school became a great admirer of the vonteniporary French soeialists. Arrested in 1s34 with his comrades, he was sent to Perin and then to Viatka. where he held a position in the tiovernor's "thee. 'Transferred to Vladimir, he married, bringing his bride secretly front l'iseow. In ISM he was allowed to return to losco•. A close study of Ilegel, whose teachings were then in the ascenden•y, brought him to con clusions quite opposite to those of most of his friends. Under the hailuenee of the doctrines of Proudlian, Cabet, and Louis Blanc, he became a rabid Westerner as distinguished from the Slay lle resigned his Oovernment position in 184'2, and left Russia in 1847. after having pub lished, under the pseudonym of 'Iskander,' two works on philosophy as well as several novels. He settled in Paris, was in full sympathy with the events of 1S4S, although not actively engage' in them, and later was on intimate terms with Prondhon. Garibaldi, as well :is with many revre lutionists in France. Italy, and Switzerland. and ear•ied on a systematic agitation against the absolutist Oovernment of Russia. Forced by the pollee to leave Paris. he was naturalized in Swit z•rland. and, founding a free press in London, published after 1857 his weekly kotokof I-The Bell-I. From 1864 to 1867 lie published it at (;caeca. and moved to Paris in 1S69. where he SUM' Ilk() of pneumonia. His literary activity began as early is Is30. llis works are striking ly brilliant. eliara•terized by depth of thought and artistic form. His best known novel. Who is to Mame? dolls with the of free dom of feelings. family relations. and woman's position in wedlock. The dominant idea is that it is futile to seek happiness by locking one's -elf up within the narrow family interests away from society and the world. .‘ great admirer of Western civilization. he was com pletely disappointed in it when viewing it at close range. and was disgusted with the mer
cantilism of the bourycoisi,, but saw a bright future for the working classes, and expected much the regenerative power of Rus sia, with her communistic village system of the miry. These ideas he embodied in his “ndern up, (1850; published in Russian, 1855; in French, 1870) : and in his Letters from •'rance and Italy, in which he gives a keen analysis of the causes that brought on the revo lutimmry events of the time. lie was a free thinker in the broadest sense of the word, hence his negative attitude toward all parties and creeds. His influence was overwhelming,. the greatest secrets of the State and the imperial household immediately finding their way 'into his paper, a of which was very often plaecd in the Emperor's room. But his popularity was undermined by his advocacy of the Polish rebel lion. he having for a long (line stubbornly refused to lend any assislanee. until finally persuaded by his friend lin k1111111 ( q.v.) . The ein.ulation of the Kolokol. from over noon fell to about 500, and Herzen finally stopped its publication. Besides the works mentioned, the following are among his best : //affirm/ism in Science (1R42.1: Letters on the Study of Yafirre (1845-461: From the Memoirs of factor Krupoff (18471; lerroller lions of 1/1/ 11 848 ) ; On the Derelop Int nt of Bcroiulimutry !digs in Russia (1S.11); Baptized Proprr ly l IS53). or I resort and Exile 118541 ; My Exile (1855); Int, Talcs France or I:nyland I 1 s5s; : The tad World and Russia; and Thc Inas, Of Russian Literature in fiussian were in tin VO111111e, at Itim is to Mono! was pub lisped at Saint Petersburg in 1S91, his correspon dence with his friends in the .Vonftety /'Irssoin Thonatit in 1S90. III French his works appeared as follows: Jitamir(s, vols. i.-iii. Paris, 1860 62) ; et nourelb IST:11. Ti.'.
appeared at Brussels in Ist;3-6S. under the title Ctoetie. For a biography.eonsult : Eckhardt, in .1 ungrussisch and .1 i flirt,' ',disci: (Leipzig, 1S7I ) ; and Sperber, Die so:ialpoliti.schen !then .1. Ilert.ens (Leipzig, 1s94).