However, the Revolution of 1848-49 doomed many gifted writers to the dungeon, the scaffold, or exile. Lyric poety was under the ban; the activity aroused sought new channels. Arany translated Shakespeare, Tasso, Goethe; Szasz followed suit with masterly versions of Moliere, lingo, Dante, Shakespeare, Tennyson, Goethe, Schiller, and Heine. At this time the novel, with its opportunities for covert allusions, and the drama gained ascendency. Jokai (1825—), nov elist, poet, publicist, historian, and political champion, won his reputation, and Szasz (1829—) proved his genius equally prominent in lyric poetry, fiction, and journalism. In 1860 the Austrian restraint was modified, and this gave a new impetus to literature. Tolnay's (1837—) Ballads (1861) were justly classed with Arany's; his Lyric Poems (1865) are strikingly original and tinged with melancholy, while the same brooding over life's problems characterizes his novels. Madach (1826-64) grappled with phil osophical questions in Man's Tragedy. his best work. Rakosi (1842—) produced in Esope (1866) a comedy remarkable for poetic language and deft character-drawing, while his keen drama, Magdalen, and the :esthetic study of trag edy are among the best contributions to Hun garian drama.
The constitution of 1867 marked a new epoch: the fight for nationalism being over, the Hun ga•ians could look more soberly upon themselves. the wider horizons of cosmopolitanism having opened new vistas. In short stories, novels, and especially in'his comedies, The (Mod Patriots (1872) and Yew Men (1873) , Toldy (1844-79) gave splendid satires of contemporary life.
Csaky (1842—) , the most fertile playwright, elicited applause with his Proletarians. Hun garian literature has its realistic writers, its psychological fiction, the short stories of Gyulai (1826—), who fosters the highest literary ideals in his Poems (1882), his critical studies and university lectures. Abrany (1849—), in the character-play. The Infallible Man and the nov els, Who Is Stronger? and The Philosophy of the Husband, devoted himself to a study of the prob lems of marriage. Mikszath (1849—). probably the most popular novelist of the day, champions the peasants in North Hungarian village stories. matchless in their style, language, and sympa thetic tone. Finally BrOdy, a wonderful complex of pOWers and nonchalance ill workman ship, represents symbolism 111111(1 in hand with the most uncompromising realism.
Consult: 'Liddy, .t mugyar ru 1st ;:f li irodalum liaq( nett' (.1 th.script ion t,f lht .N0 tonal Litt ot itnc of lianyary) (1111(lapest, kir)]) ; the first \Shit 11 the inediwval period, 1100 lbcmsnll (u t., 1 ; 1)11X, .1 us I 'warn ( Leipzig, ; Schwicker, tics1•/i I e /11 r 11/1g1t rise/ten Littera I ur (Leipzig, Iss9); Nemi•lyi. Das mod, rm. 1 tiqurn (Berlin, . Professor 116101y, of the t niversity of Budapest. is 110W prepa•ing a history of Hun garian literature which is to be published in t;osse's English series of rut tirc.s of the 11 orb!.