For the important influence of the humorous journals, see Cuticul:RE, The foundation of Punch led to the creation of a whole school of illustrators, and Leech, as a draughtsman for wood-engraving, was the chief of Englishmen of his time, keeping up his pourer till his death in 1864. Richard Doyle and Bahlot K. Browne were his contemporaries; Du Maurier and Charles Keene, the latter one of the greatest artists in black and white, were his successors. All these men did much work in illustrating separate books. The Frenchmen Jean Francois, Gigot's, Tony Johannot, Sulpiee Chevallier (Ca varni) were their contemporaries in the French world of books. Adolph Menzel, as being mainly a lithographer, is less obviously an illustrator of books: he is rather a painter who has made many designs to a single general theme. like the Life of Frederick the Great—design5 which have to be published in large folios.
The book illustrations of the years since 1850 are remarkable for the introduction of photo graphic process prints (see PHOTO-ENGRAVING) ; but there has been also a notable rise and decline of wood-engraving (q.v.). Colored illustrations can be produced now at reasonable cost, and some of them are of great beauty. (See THREE COLOR PROCESS; LITHOGRAPHY.) Of decisive in fluence upon the development of illustration of the present day are the numerous illustrated magazines and newspapers in America and Europe. See PERIODICALS; NEWSPAPERS.
That form of illustration which is sometimes called Extra Illustration or Grangerism (from James Granger, died 1776, a celebrated print collector) is the insertion into a book of pictures which did not originally belong to it. Thus, a history or an historical novel may be illustrated by collecting portraits of men famous at the time dealt with in the book, and scenes of his torical interest previously drawn and engraved, and these prints may be bound into the book or simply laid between its leaves. In this way a book of one volume may be extended to a dozen ; and as some of the plates will be large, the smaller ones are perhaps 'inlaid,' that is, their edges fitted into a hole out in a larger sheet of paper, while the printed leaves are treated in the same way, so that all the leaves of the enlarged book may be of the same size. This proceeding has been the cause of the destruction of many valuable books, for a whole volume will be sacri ficed for the sake of its frontispiece or its illus trated title-page, or marred by the extraction from it of one or two portraits.