(C) GRAMMAR. Latin, like Greek, was a high ly inflectional language, that is, it expressed the relations of ideas largely by variations in the terminations of words. Compare such a sentence as fratris tunieam mendiei filio dedissct with its English equivalent: 'lie would have given his brother's tunic to the child of the lu ar.' Five Latin words express with exactness by their terminations what thirteen words arc used to say in the uninflected English. Latin has no article, definite or indefinite. Nouns have three genders, as in Greek, but only two numbers, singular and plural; the dual has entirely disappeared, though it has left a trace in the termination of duo, 'two,' and ambo, 'both.' There are six cases, nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, ablative; and traces of a seventh, the locative, in domi, humi, etc., and names of towns. In this it was richer than Greek, which lacked the abla tive, and moreover the use of the existing cases does not wholly coincide in the two languages. Greek, too, has only three declensions of nouns, to which the Latin has added a fourth and a fifth. Latin adjectives, however, like the Greek, are confined to the first three declensions. There
are marked differences also in the inflexion of verbs in the two languages. The Greek pre serves carefully the two classes of -w and -u verbs which were fully developed in Indo-Euro pean parent-speech. Latin has only the -o class, though rare survivals of the -in class appear, as in sum, 'I am.' The Greek is richer than the Latin in tenses as well, for the Latin lacks the aorist as an independent tense. Syllabic aug ment, also, is wanting; and reduplication occurs only in certain verbs, as dcdi, cccidi, cucurri. In Greek the middle voice is fully developed, while the passive is not; Latin has full passive inflec tions, and no middle voice, though the passive shows traces of a middle use in such phrases as vestem induitur, 'he puts on his clothes.' In moods, too, Greek is the richer, for its subjunc tive and optative are combined in the Latin sub junctive. In verbal syntax Greek is far freer than Latin, which, however, has the advantage of greater conciseness and accuracy.