ETHNOLOGY. The native inhabitants of Java belong to the Malay race, the alleged 'Negrito peoples of the interior having no real existence. The Javanese proper dwell in the central por tions of the island and toward the east, the Sundanese in the west, and the :Madurese in the east and on the adjacent islands of Madura, Ba vian, etc. In the mountains of Bantam, in the extreme west. live the Baduwis, and in the infant thins of the extreme east the Tenggerese, both of whom are very primitive peoples of the sort sometimes styled 'Indonesian.' or `proto-Malay.' who. in spite of the influence of their Islamic neighbors, have preserved much of their old `heathen' religion. The much-discussed `Katangs,' if at all a separate people, which is improbable, arc on present evidence part of the aboriginal Mala?an or proto-Malayan stock. Slavery and colonization have added at various periods minor element; to the Javanese population. Thus there still exists in Batavia a 'Bali village; testifying to the fact of deportation from that adjacent island in times past. The Badowis and Teng gerese are less braeliyeephalie than the Javanese proper. the Sundanese and the Madurese, and they are probably of somewhat greater average height, with a rather lighter skin. Outside of the 'heathen' tribes of the interior. the Madurese seem to hare least the conditions of civilization. The Javanese proper are yielding somewhat to tit.? :Madurese on the east, hut the Snnilane-e in the west seem to he becoming more Javanized. and the Javanese may still be looked upon as the average of the island popu lation. The three principal peoples of Java have cavil their own language, a Malayan dialect with more or less individuality. The marked aris tocratie tendencies of the Javanese, which find ex • re pssion in social and governmental institutions, are reflected also in their language, with its 'noble' and 'common' forms of speech. The old Javanese of the monuments, inscriptions, etc.—the ancient literary language—is called Kari (q.v.). Sun danese. though not at all neglected, has received less attention. The puppet plays, or Wa jang, of Java, to which some authorities have too hastily attributed an entirely Indian origin, and the mask plays, or I, of which both popular and classical varieties exist, have been recently much studied. The &thuds, or chronicles, are another feature of Javanese folk literature. The Javanese represent. perhaps. the highest point of Malay culture, and show• at the same time, its limitation's when controlled by Europeans. Not all of Javanese culture was created or sug gested by probably less than is generally believed. Hindu influence in Java began before the beeinning of the fifth century A.D., and bail
its greatest effects upon the religion. political divisions, language, and literature of the island. The advent of the religion of Islam in the fifteenth century was at first numb more rapid and revolutionary in its effects. To-day the great majority of the nearly :30,000.000 Malays of .Tana are professors in some way or other of Islam. their •re«1 being mixed here with relics of primitive Shamanism and there with echoes of Hinduism, Buddhism. etc. Besides the loan words in the language, the alphabet in which it is written. and the general influence upon arts of all kinds, Hindu contact has its in the great temples to Buddha erected in Java (A.D. 7001450). One of these, the 'Great Buddha,' or Born Buddor (q.v.). is by some esteemed the greatest example of Buddhistic architecture in ex istence. The foundation. under liindo influence, of kingdoms such as those of Madjapahit, led to the extension of Javanese culture into Sumatra, and several of the smaller islands of the :Malaysian Archipelago. and some have traced it even to Papua and Australia. The great num bers of the Javanese Malays, and the fact that they are not at all moribund. but a rapidly in people, make them one of the most im portant groups of mankind for the historian of human culture. The discovery by Dr. Eugene Dubois (IS91-94) of the upper part of a skull, two molars, and a fenmr, in what is said to be a Pleistotame deposit at 'Friuli, on the river Ben gliwan, has given rise to a voluminous literature of study aml discussion. By some the remains are looked upon as those of man of it very low type: by others as those of a monkey of a high type: by others as the famous 'missing link.' The preponderance of opinion scenes to favor the theory of an intermediate type between the low est man and the highest monkey. That these re mains should have turned up in Australasia is significant.
Separate school organizations are maintained for natives and Euroff•ans and those assimilated with them. In ISOS there were 430 primary Fell( ohs for the natives, of which 223 were maintained by the State, with subventions to many of the others; the pupils in attendant.° numbered 1741.S89. Besides these, there are sev eral middle schools, and a normal school for training native teachers. For the Europeans there were 127 public schools (ineluding several for girls only). with 440 teachers and 13.350 pupils. 4 superior primary schools, and 10 others, besides normal schools at Batavia and Surabaya. There is a gymnasium at Batavia, and there are an agricultural college. a museum, and a botani cal garden (one of the finest in the world) at Buitenzorg, the residence of the Governor-Gen eral. on the slope of Mount Salak of Batavia.