LAMBERT, FRANZ, or LANIBERT OF AVIGNON (c.I486-1536). A German Protestant reformer. He was born in Avignon. became a Franciscan friar at an early age, was ordained a priest, and preached with success. In 1522, having been refused permission to join the he attached himself to the cause of Martin Luther and embraced the doctrines of the 11eformers. lle threw aside the garb of his Order. and began to preach the Reformed faith in Germany and Switzerland. He joined Luther in 1523 at Wit tenberg, and thence proceeded to Sletz and Strass burg. A Protestant :leadenly haying been estab lished at Marburg, he became its first professor of theology, and in 1529 took part in a general conference of theologians held at that place front the different German provinces. Consult his Life by Baum (Strassburg. 1810) : llassenkamp berfeld. 1860) ; Bullet (Paris. 1873).
LAMBERT, 15.111'1)&t, JoHANN HEINRICH (j7•8-1777). A German philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician, born at Mtilhausen, in Al sace. lle was the son of a poor tailor. and ob tained his education by his own exertions. At sixteen years of age he discovered, in computa tions for the comet of 1744. the so-called 'Lam bert's theorem.' In 1746 he was made secretary to the philosopher Iselin in Basel, and two years later he became tutor in the family of Count Sails at Chum-. In 1756 he began extended travels with his pupils, and thus made the acquaintance of many learned HIM. Three years later he was made professor in the Munich Academy. and in 1765 he became a member of the Academy of Berlin. He wrote extensively on various subjects. His philosophical studies at first claimed the interest of Kant, with whom he corresponded. Ilk Neues Orga non (1704) , in particular, sought the estab lishment of a philosophical system which, by its investigation of the theory of knowledge, or the power of the understanding to recognize truth, was to supplant the current method of NVolII.
The expectations thus aroused were disappointed by his A nlage :lir A rehilckionik (1771), which. though it post-dated Kant's dissertation Do Munch 8ensibilis et Intelligibilis Parma et Prin eipiis (1770), adhered to the old scheme of on tology. In physics he was the founder of photometry, pyrometry, and hygrometry. In astronomy lie was the author of views held to day concerning the nature of the fixed stars, especially the Milky Way. His contributions to mathematics were the series which bears his the conception of the hyperbolic function, and the demonstration of the ineommensurability of 7r. Parts of his works served as starting points for Lagrange and Gauss. His principal works are the following: Die freic Perspeeti-re ((;erman and French. 1759; 2d ed. 1774) ; licsehrcibunh und Gebrauch der logat'ithmisch•n keiehentafeln (1761 and 1772): Beitrage :um Gebratiehe der Mathematik (3 vols.. 1765, 1770, 1772) ; Kurzyefasstc Herrin zu prrspektivischen Zeichungen (1768 and 1770); Zuslitze zu den logarithmischen und trigonometriswhen Tabellen (1770). Consult: Huber, Johann Heinrich Lam bert lurch seinent Leben and Wi•ken (13a sel, 1829), which contains a list of his writings ; Lepsius. Johann Heinrich Lambert. pine Oarstel lung seiner kosmologischen and philosophis;rhen Leistungen (Thinich. 1SS1) : .1 rchimedes, Huygens. Lambert and Legendre (Leipzig. 1892); and Baenseh, Lamberts Philosophic and seine Stellung zu Kant (Tubingen. 1902).