HISTORY. The history of Java. shorn of leg end. fable, and mythology, is very simple. Civil ization came to the aborigines from India. Bud dhism at. first being paramount. The Sivaism of the Hindus followed and prevailed for cen turies, during which time many Hindu States were set op, that of Madjapabit being elder, with vast power and influence. The st niggle bet ween the two faiths introduced from India culminated in a compromise, which is very marked and easily discernible in their art. antiquities. and ruins, of which the great mass called Born Bud dor (q.v.) furnishes a conspicuous example. superb copies of the sculptures from which were exhibited at the Paris Exposition of 1000. The chief towns containing Hindu remains are Snra baya. Samarang. Solo. Iokja, and Magalang. in the centre and east of the island. The third great epoch was introduced by contact with the Euro peans. when the Dutch navigators and their East India Company had trading stations along the coast. The Portuguese made their way to Java early in the sixteenth century, but about the close of the century they were supplanted by the Dutch. The paramount native State at this time was Mataram, and in the early Dutch records its princes are called emperors. The gradual extension of Dutch rule was effected in much the same manner as that of the conquest of India by the British. Their authority was extended over the Preanger Residene in 1705, over the whole north west coast in 1745, over Surakarta and Jokjo karta by 1755, Bantam coming under their con trol in 1808. The British held the island from 1811 to 1816, still further asserting and extend ing European control, and introducing great re forms in the administration under the vigorous government of Sir Stamford Raffles; but on re gaining the island the Dutch pressed their claims with increased vigor. Their chief idea seemed to be to use Java simply as an appendage to the Netherlands, to secure revenue and pay off the debts of the 'mother country.' but since 1870 the general policy has been to hold the colonies for at least mutual benefit, with increasing purpose to benefit the Javanese in every way as far as possible. The three European names most closely associated with the development of Java are Daendels, Rallies, and Van den Bosch (q.v.).
When in 1823 the native chief, Dipa Negara, struggled to regain ascendency. a war broke out which lasted five years, and ended in undisputed control by the Dutch.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Of the older works, Raffles, Bibliography. Of the older works, Raffles, History of Java (2d ed., London, 1830), and Junghuhn, Ja t-a (trans., Leipzig, 1852-54), are well worth consulting. Velh, geographiseh, cthnologiseh, historisch (2d ed.. Haarlem, 1895), is the best book on the general subject. Other valuable works are: Jungludin, Topographisehe itnd naturivissenschaftliehe Reisen (lurch Java, ed. by Esenbeek (Magdeburg, 1845) : id., Land. schaftsa nsieh ten von du ra. (trans., Leipzig, 1853 ) Job Alfiller, Beschreibung der Inset darn (trans., Berlin. 1860) ; Money, Java, or How to Manage a Colony ( London, 1861) : Gronemann. In den Kedaton to Jogjakarter (Leyden. 188S), for a good account of Javanese theatres, dancing, etc.; Van Deventer. E'esehicdenis der Nederlanders op Jaya (Haarlem. 18S7) : Verheek and Fennema, Description Wologigue de Java et Jladouro (Am sterdam, 1890) ; Bastian, Indonesien, vol. v. (Ber lin, 1894) ; Mayer. Een blik in het Jaraansche volksleven (Leyden, 1896) ; Seidmore, Java, the Garden of the East (New York, 1897) : Higginson, tiara, the Pearl of the East (Boston, 1899) ; Breitenstein. "Java," in 21 Jahren in Indic?' (Leipzig, 1899-1900) ; Giesenhagen, A us Ja ra vnd Sumatra (Leipzig, 1902) ; for the flora, Blume, Flora- Jaya' (Brussels, 1858), and Van Nooten. iv/curs. fruits, et fruillages de Pile de Jain (3d ed., Brussels, ISS2) ; for the natural history. Horsfield, Zoglogieal Researches in Java and the Neighboring Islands (London, 1824), and Wallace, The llalay Archipelago (London and New York, 1869) ; for anthropology and ethnology. Meyer, Die Kalangs auf Jura ( S771 ; Jacobs, De Itadorjs (The Hapare. 1891) : Kohl brugge, "L'Anthropologie des Tenggerois." in L'Anthropologie (Paris) for 1898, Chailley-Bert, Java et .sex habitants (Paris. 1900) ; and for the ruins, Tissandier, Camboge et Java, rubies et jaranaises (Paris, 1896).