JAMES (Lat. Jacobus, Gk. 'liiKcegos, bikaos, Heb. The name given certainly to three and probably to four men in the New Testa ment. Two of them, James, the son of Zebedee, and James, the son of Alpha-us, were members of the Twelve. A third was a brother of the Lord. The fourth, according to Luke ( Luke vi. 16; Acts i. 13), was father of one of the Twelve, Judas by name (not Iscariot). The translation of these passages in the Authorized Version ('brother') is not warranted. (1 ) JAMES, TIIE SON OF ZEBEDEE, is named only in the Synoptic Gospels and Acts, but is alluded to in the ap pendix to John (xxi. 2). He was a Galilean fisherman living in Capernaum, who, with his brother John, was called by Jesas (Mark i. 16 sqq.) to forsake his work and be come a fisher of men, a eall which elicited ready response. Jesus called both James and his brother Boanerges (Mark iii. 17) 'sons of thunder' (or noise, tumult), a characterization quite in keeping with the anecdotes related by Luke (ix. 54) and Mark (x. 35 sqq.). Accord ing to legend, he preached in Spain, and after Lis death his body was carried thither and buried there; during the inroads of the Sara cens he appeared in shining armor and terri fied the Moslem hosts. As Saint lago (San tiago) he became the patron saint of Spain. (2) JAMES, THE SON OF ALPHA:US, was so named by the Evangelists to distinguish him from James, the son of Zebedee. He holds the first place in the third group of four in all the lists of the Twelve. Beyond this fact we have no definite information, for his name- is not certainly mentioned elsewhere in the New Testament. It is not safe to infer from Nark ii. 14 that he was a brother of Levi (or Matthew), who is there called son of Alpheus: the text is doubt ful. Of many conjectures which have been made the most plausible is that which identifies him with .James the Less (Mark NV. 40) and the
James mentioned in Nark xvi. ( Luke xxiv. 10: Matt. xxvii. 56). (3) -TAMES, TIIE BROTHER OF TI1E LORD. The facts which are explicitly stated concerning him, or which may he inferred from the statements made, are as follows: According to Paul (1. hoc. xv. 7), fie saw the risen Lord : was in .Jerusalem three years after Paul's conversion (Gal. i. 19, where he is called the brother of the Lord to distinguish him from the son of Zebedee) ; was (with Peter and John) a leader in the Church at Jerusalem when Paul. fourteen years Tatar, went up thither (Gal. ii. 1-10. where he is called simply James. for the son of Zebedee had already been put to death) ; was a married man (1. Cor. ix. 5). According to the Book of Acts. he was a believer (i. 14) ; a leading spirit in the Church at Jerusalem before ( xii. 17). at (xv. 131. and after ( xxi. 18) the Apostolic Council. According to the Gospels, he was a brother of Jesus (Mark vi. 31: did not believe in the Lord His earthly life (John VIE. 51; agreed with the family of Jesus in re garding the Lord as demented. and came with them to take Pim away (Nark iii. 211. .To seplms records his death at the instigation of the Sanhedrin (e. 62-3 A.D.). Tradition names him the .Just, and ascribes to hint the homily, in the style of Wisdom literature. generally known as the Epistle of James (q.v.). Some scholars hold that James was not a son of Joseph and Alary, but a son of Joseph by a former wife; others. that this James. is the same as James the Less, a son of Mary and Alphams (= Clopas or ( leopas), and that the :Envy here referred to was a sister of Mary, the mother of Jesus; that is, that James was a cousin of the Lord. Consult Mayor. Epistle of St. Janus (2d ed., London, 1S971. (4) For the fourth James, ArosTLE.