The Jansenists attempted to evade the force of this hull by contending that the live proposi tions were not found in the .lugustinus, or at least not in the sense in which they were con demned, and pointed out that Papal infallibility (q.v.) did not. extend to questions of fact: there fore. they maintained. the book was not really condemned. The propositions may not have been there—Louis X1V. commissioned the Comte he arammont to read the book and see if they were, and the witty courtier reported that if they were, they were there ineognito—but it was indispu table that they represented the very pith and marrow of the Jansenist position. Alexander V11. renewed their condeinnation, declaring ex pressly that they were found in the book, and condemned in the sense there given to them. Later, he drew up a formulary to he signed by all the bishops and religions of France, in these terms: "1 submit myself sincerely to the con stitution of our holy Father Innocent X., and I conklemn with heart and mouth the doctrine of the five propositions of Cornelius .lansenius, which the Pope and bishops have condemned— a doctrine which is not that of Saint Augustine. whoa Jansenius has ill explained, and is con trary to the true meaning of that great doctor." The community of Port-Poyal refused to sign. in spite of Bossuet's persuasions and severe pres sure from the Government: and four bishops were willing to sign only with a reservation that they believed themselves to owe nothing more than 'respectful silence' to a decision of the Church in matters of fact. They were about to he deposed, when Clement TX. came to the pon tifical throne in 1107. After complicated nego tiations, the new Pope managed to arrange a (1(108) : and the cessation of hostili ties, which lasted for thirty-four years, was known as the 'Clementine Peace.' During this period the Jansenists strengthened thems:-It•es in a number of dioeeses and in some religious Orders. insisting especially upon strict ness in the administration of the sacraments. Their whole attitude. in fact. moral, dogmatic, and political. had many points of resemblance to that of the English Puritans of a generation earlier. On Arnauld's death in 169-t, the former Oratorian Quesnel (q.v.) succeeded to the leader ship. The controversy once more revived in an acute form, with the celebrated `Case of Con science.' by which the Jansenists subtly endeav ored to make their doctrines appear approved. Clement XI.. however, reiterated the disapproval of his predecessors in 1703. and by the hull' Vineam Domini of 1705. The French Parlements, among the legal minds of which Jansenism found many supporters, refused to accept the brief Unircrsi Dominiei by which, in 1708, the Pope condemned Quesnel's Rt'ficsions morales; and the weak character of Cardinal de Noailles, Arch bishop of Paris. gave them courage. Louis, who
persistently disliked them as preventing the real ization of his ideal of perfect unity in Church and State, asked the Pope definitely to put an end to these confusions. After two years' further investigation, Clement NI. issued the constitu tion nigcnit us, which condemned 101 proposi tions taken from Quesnel's works. Cardinal de Noailles and fifteen other bishops made diffi culties about its reception; the universities of Paris, Rheims, and Nantes declared against it the Parlements protected the Jansenists; and after the death of Louis N1V. the regent, the Duke of Orleans, took a dubious position. In 1717 Car dinal de Noailles appealed from the bull "to a better-advised Pope and a general council," and several bishops joined him, constituting the party of the Appellants. When he died, after making his submission. in 1720, they gradually lost strength, and not even the miracles sup posed to have been wrought by the deacon Paris (see CONVULSIONA RIES ) could restore them to their former position. Their spirit, however, re mained active up to the Revolution, and showed itself especially in the war against the .Jesuits. It spread to some extent in Germany and Italy, and had its influence on the ecclesiastical inno vations proposed by the Emperor Joseph II.
As an organization, it was able to prolong its existence only in Holland, where, at the begin ning of the eighteenth century, a formal schism arose. In 1723 the chapter of t'treeht undertook to restore the extinct archbishopric of that city, and they have maintained a succession ever since, claiming this to be the Church of Holland, and creating also bishops of Haarlem and Deventer. After the Vatican Council of 1870. they entered into relations with the Old Catholics (q.v.), and consecrated the first bishop of the new sect.
Consult: Jervis, History of the Church. of France (2 vols., London, 1872) : Lapin. His toirr do Ja»senisme, ed. Domenech (l'aris, 1865) ; Jlemoirrs du Lapin sue• l't'alise, IC))-G9. ed. Anbineau (ib.. 1805) Sainte-Beuve, Port-lloyal (7 vols.. Th., 1840-.12: 3d ed. 1807-711: id., Etudes d'histoire privet, eon tenant tics details inconnus sue le premier jansenisme (ilL, 1803) : Bouvier, Et ode critique sun- lc janSi'llismc (Strassburg. 1804) Fuzet, Les rini XVIleme sk'ele (Paris, 1877) ; Roequain. 1.'e.cprit rerolutionnaird arant let lierolution, 1715-89 (ib., 1878) : S6ehe. Les dernicrs jansenistes (ib.. 1891 92) ; Neale, History of the So-Palled Jansenist Church of Holland ( London, 1S3S) ; and see