JEERING, Wring, RUDOLF VON ( 1818-92). A German jurist, born in Aurich and educated at Heidelberg, Munich, Gottingen, and Berlin. Trained in the historical school, he forsook it only to the extent of aiming to show the psychological development of law by examples drawn from the national character of the Romans. To this common-sense mediation between the two opposed legal sehools he owes his rank as one of the foremost jurists of the latter half of his century. Besides his great work. which was uncompleted, Geist des riimisehen Rephts auf den •erschiedenen Stufen seiner Ept•iehlany (1852 6a), he wrote: Cirilreehis(d)le ohne Enlsehei dungen (90 ed. 1901); Die durisprudenz des Lrbens filth ed. 1897) : Kampf sims Reeht (14th ed. 1900) ; Der Z•eek im Reeht (3/1 ed. 1893) ; geherz and Ernst in der Juris prwlenz (8th ed. I900) : and the posthumous Ic des riimisrhen llech Is and l'orac.s•hicktr der Iadoeuropiier ( 1804). Jhering bonnie instruetor at Berlin (1843), and profess or at Basel (1845). Rostock (1846), Kiel (1849), Giessen (1832). Vienna (1868). and Gottingen (1872). Consult Merkel, II. von Jhering (Jena, 1893).
JIB (from Dan. gibbe. Swed. qippa, Dutch pijpen, to turn suddenly, jibe). A triangular sail which sets on the jibstag, a rope extending from the jib-boom or extremity of the bowsprit to the foretopmast-head. Nearly all sailing vessels larger than a catboat have jibs. the exceptions being mostly vessels with a lateen rig. The for ward and upper side of a jib lies along the stay, to which it is secured by hanks or travelers, and is inclined to the horizon at an angle vary ing from 30 to GO degrees. The after edge or leech is more nearly vertical, and the foot is almost horizontal. The jib serves to balance the effect of the after sails and keep the ship's head from coming up to the wind. The jib-boom
is a spar projecting from the bow of a vessel over which the jib is set. In large sailing ships the jib-boom projects through a hole in the bowsprit cap. and its inner end or heel is secured on top of the bowsprit. Sometimes there is a flying jib boom, a light spar lying partly on the jib boom, to which it is secured, and projecting be yond it to give a lead to the llying-jib and fore royal stays. The flying jib is a sail similar to the jib, but smaller, and is set on the flying-jib stay. The jib-foresail is the forestaysail of a sloop. The jib-guy is a rope giving lateral sup port to the jib-boom. It leads from the head of the latter to the end of the whisker-boom and then to the forecastle rail. When two sails are set between the fo•etopmast-staysail and jib they are called inner and outer jibs.
The jib netting is a network with meshes 4 to 6 inches across, which is placed under the jib boom and seized to the whisker-booms and jib guys. It serves to keep the jib from hanging down into the water when hauled down, and is a safeguard to the men furling it in heavy weather. The jib-stay is a rope forming part of the standard rigging of a ship and serves to set the jib upon. It leads from the foretopmast head to a sheave or hole in the outer end of the jib-boom, thence tinder a cleat on the dolphin striker and in to the bow. The flying-jib stay is a rope similar to the jib-stay, hut leading from the foretopgallant-mast-head to the end of the flying jih boom, thence to the dolphin-striker and to the The jib-topsail is a light sail on the topmast-stay of a small schooner or sloop.. See SAIL.