The number of the colleges increased very rapidly. Within fifty years after the Papal ap probation, the Jesuits had college, all over the rid, not only in Europe, but in the Indies, China, Japan, Mexico, and Brazil. At the time of the death of Acquaviva (1615) the Society hind 372 colleges. Shortly before the suppression of the Society, about the middle of the eighteenth century. there were 7•8 colleges, many of which had an average attendance of 1500 or more, while in some the number of students was from 2000 to 3000, and no college is mentioned with a lower number than 300. Taking the lowest possible average. the 700 Jesuit colleges must have had about the middle of the eighteenth century :300,000 students. This influence was all the more impor• tant as they insisted on moral and religious training. Such Protestant writers as Ranke, Paulsen. Quick, and others. candidly admit that the Jesuits during these centuries were the best educators, so that ninny parents not of the Catholic faith intrusted the education of their sons to them. The spread and development of Jesuit colleges during the nineteenth century was slow but steady. The Order had to struggle against great difficulties. The colleges which it possessed before the suppression were in the hands of the civil authorities. The persecutions and expulsions of the Society from various countries prevented the establishment of new colleges, and put an end to those already in being. Notwith standing this, in the year 1900 the Jesuits had more than 60,000 students in their colleges all over the world. In the United States they have colleges with the privileges of universities at Worcester. Mass.. Boston, Fordham, N. Y.. New York City. Georgetown, D.C., ,Jersey City, N. J., Washington, D. C.. Baltimore. Chicago. Cincin nati. Detroit. Milwaukee, Omaha. Saint Louis, Saint Mary's. Kan., Galveston, Mobile, New Orleans, Denver, San Francisco, Santa Clara, Cal.. Buffalo, Cleveland. Spokane, and Manila, P. 1. The attendance at -Jesuit colleges through out the world has doubled in the last twenty-five years. Besides their colleges and missions the .Jesuits have charge of the Apostleship of Prayer, or League of the Sacred Heart (q.v.).
The Jesuit mission: are the source of the great est honor to the Order. Saint Francis Xavier's (q.v.) work in the Indies recalled the Apostolic times. He knew how to organize his many mis sions, so that his numerous converts became faithful Christians in the best sense. His brethren on the missions imitated his example and almost rivaled his success. Venerable Joseph Anchieta, called the Apostle of Brazil, before the end of the sixteenth century, organized missions among the natives of that country into settle ments of the kind that in Paraguay, later. were called reductions. The first reduction of Para guay was founded in 1610. For nearly a cen tury and a half the native converts lived in ideal peace and happiness. These native Christian communities have been the admiration of stu dents of social science ever since. At the begin ning of the seventeenth century. after years of patient effort, Father Ricci succeeded in getting audience of the Emperor of China. His skill in applied mathematics and mechanics gained him the favor of the Emperor. and be ob tained protdetion for the Christians in China. Scholarly successors, equally able and zealous, Schall, Verbiest, and Bouvet, continued the good influence over the Emperor. Unfortunately, after a time, the controversy over the 'Chinese rites' took place. Certain practices of their former lives, wbieh. in imitation of the Apostles, the Jesuits allowed their converts still to keep up, scented to the Dominicans to savor of idolatry. In the midst of the disputes the Imperial favor was lost, and persecutions wiped out the missions. The Japanese missions were begun in
1549 by Saint Francis Xavier, and in thirty years had grown to number 200.000 Christians. Bloody persecutions, continuing for nearly three centuries. made numbers of martyrs; but with a marvelous tenacity, though all their priests had been put to death, the survivors handed down their faith from generation to generation, and when Japan was once more opened to Europeans in the nineteenth century, there were still natives ready to welcome the Catholic missionaries as their long-lost fathers. In India Robert de' No bill (1605) took up the difficult task of living as a high-caste Brahmin, fulfilling rigidly their pre cepts of abstinence and avoiding all contact with other castes. After years of patience he succeeded in making numerous converts. The careers of Fathers Iallemont. Brelnetif. and ,Togues among the Huron and Iroquois Indians were a suc cession of sufferings and hardships, deliberate ly undertaken, calmly borne, and heroically per sisted in by men of gentle breeding and deep cul ture. The Jesuit missions were always centres of civilization as well as religion. When the United States Government took possession of the Philippines, the Jesuits in charge of the observa tory at Manila were asked to collate the informa tion with regard to the Archipelago in the pos session of members of the Order, and this was published in two large volumes with an atlas at the Government Printing Office (El Archi pielago Filipino. Washington. 1900).
The following periodicals are issued under the direction of the Jesuits. and always supply in formation as to current topics in their regard: Cit-ilta Cattolica. Rome: The Month, London; Etudes Litteraires et Religieuses. Paris; Stim men aus Maria-Laaeh, Freiburg; Zeitsehrift fur Katholische Theologie, Innsbruck; Recite des Questions Scientifiques, Brussels; The Messenger, New York; Messenger of the Sacred Heart. Inns bruck, Bilbao. Toulouse. Mexico. and other places. Consult for their Constitution. institution Societatis Jesu (Avignon, 1330-38) ; or Concern ing Jesuits (London, 1902). The accepted au thority for their general history is Cretineau Jody. Histoire de la compagnie de Jesus (6 vols., Paris, 1344-46) ; in English, Daurig,nae, History of the Jesuits (Baltimore. 1S7S) ; B. N., The Jesuits, Their Foundation and History (2 vols., New York, 1879). For opposing views, Theodore Griesinger, Die Jesuiten (Stuttgart, 1866; Eng. trans., New York, I8S5). For special countries, Parkman, Jesuits in North America (seventeenth century) (Boston, 1898) ; the notable series of Jesuit Relations, edited by Thwaites (73 vols., Cleveland, 1896 sqq.) ; Foley, Jesuits in England (London, 1877-83: also, Taunton. London, 1901) : Pollard, Jesuits in Poland (Oxford, 1892) ; Smith, "Suppression of the Jesuits," in The Month (Lou don, 1902), later in book form; Duhr, Jesuiten fabeln (Saint Louis, 1899). For pedagogy: Paddler, Ratio Atitudiorum, etc.. in Monumenta Germanice P(rdagogieu, vol,. ii., v., ix.. xvi. (Ber lin, 1887-93), the standard work on the subject ; Monumenta Historiea Soeietatis Jesu; Monu menta Pwdagogiea (Madrid, 1901-02) ; Hughes, Loyola (New York, 1S92) ; Duhr, Die Studien ordnung der Gesellsehaft Jesu (Saint Louis, 1896) ; Paulsen, Gesehichte des gelehrten Cider richts (Berlin, 1S96) ; Seliwickerath, Jesuit Edu cation (Saint Louis, 1903). For the bibliog raphy of Jesuit writers, A. de Backer, Biblio ihegue bibliographigue de Ia Compagnie de Jesus (3 vols. fol., Paris, 1869-76) ; Sommervogel, Die tionnaire des outrages anonymes et pseudonymes de Ia Compagnie de Jesus (Paris, 1884) ; Moni tear bibliographigue de la Compagnie de Jesus (Paris, 1889).