JU'LIAN (CLAtint's surnamed the ArosrATE, on account of his renunciation of Christianity. Homan Emperor A.D. 361-363. Ile was born at Constantinople, November 17. 331, and was the SDI I of Julius Constantin.. the brother of Constantine the Great. lie and his brother Gallus, who were too young to be dan gerous, were spared when Constantins II., son of Constantine, massacred the rest of the Imperial family. They were. removed to a castle in Cappadocia.. where they were subjected to a system of rigorous espionage. Julian's life was Acry miserable, and the monkish education which he received produced DO other result than a strong detestation of the religion professed by his tor mentors. He was fond of literature and philos ophy, :uuf he instinctively turned away from the rude asceticism, gloomy piety, and barbarous janglings of //ontoousiu 11S and i/ontoionsians, to the cheerfulness. refinement. and pure intellectual meditativeness of the old Greek philosophers. Some Of his teachers appear to have been (se cretly) pagans. for the sudden change in the State religion brought about by Constantine had neces sitated a great deal of hypocrisy, arming scholars and Government officials. At the age of twenty Julian was at heart a disbeliever in the divine origin of Christianity. On the death of Ids brother Gallus (end of :354), he was removed by Constanthis to Milan, but was subse quently allowed to go to Athens, the home of Greek learning. where he gave himself up to philosophical pursuits. The Empe•or—thongh still jealous and suspicious—now conferred on him the title of Ca.sar (November II, 355), and sent him to Gaul to protect it from the incursions of the Germans. Julian defeated the Alemanni at Strasburg (.\ tignst. 357). and compelled the Franks to make peace. This internal admin istration in Gaul was mild and judicious. Ilis popularity, in consequence. became very great, and when Constantin; ordered him to set out for the East, Julian's soldiers rose in insurrection and proclaimed their favorite Emperor. The
den lb of Constantius at llopsucrene, in Cilicia, November 3, :361, removed the only obstacle from his woy: and on December 11 lie made a t riumplin 1 entrance into Constant inople. He BOW publiely avowed himself a pagan. hut sur prised both Christians and pagans by his edict of toleration. Yet he chose most of his officers from the professed followers of the old religion, and compelled the Christians to contribute to the restoration of the heathen temples. In 3112 he made great preparations at Antioch. in the hope of bringing the war with the Persians to a successful termination, and in the following year advanced to Ctesiplion and across the Tigris. but of provisions and treachery neeessitated his retreat. Ile was followed and attacked by the enemy who were repeatedly repulsed, lint in one of the engagements he was mortally wounded by an arrow. and died June 26, 363, at the age of thirty-two. Julian was a monarch of great abil ity. His rule was just. liberal. and humane. He composed a great number of orations. letters, satires. and also poems (collected and published by Spanheim in 1696). Among his lost works arc his Refutation of Christian Religion, de stroyed by the efforts of Theodosius II.. and mem oir- of his German campaign and his diary. We possess a series of Letters. addressed to literary men: nine orations: a satirical work called Cersares; and the curious Jlisopogon, in which Julian ridicules the people of Antioch. The best edition of the complete works of Julian is that of Ilertlein (2 vols.. Leipzig. Teuhner, 1875-76) ; there is an English translation in the Bohn Li brary. and a complete French translation by Tal bot (Paris. 1863). Consult : Gardner. Julian, Philosopher and Emperor, in Heroes of the Nations Series (New York. 1895) ; Hoffmann. lu lianus der Abtriinnige (1880) and Dill. Roman Society (London. 1899).