JULY REVOLUTION. The revolution of July, 1830, in Paris which overthrew the Bourbon dynasty and brought the House of Orleans in the person of Louis Philippe to the throne of France. The policy of reaction following the Restoration, prominent during the reign of Louis XVIII. (1814-24). had become triumphant under his successor, Charles X., the creature of the cleri cal faction and the extremists. The royalists were indemnified for their losses during the Revo lution, the Jesuits made formidable attempts to regain their legal position in France. public edu cation was under clerical supervision. and vig orous measures were enacted against the liberty of the press. Forced for the moment to accept a moderate Ministry under Martignae (1828). Charles X. boldly challenged liberal opinion in the country by calling to the head of affairs ('mint ,Tales Polignae, noted as the most bigoted of the advisers of the King (August. 9. 1829). Early in STarch, 1830. the French Chambers as sembled, and the Lower House, in its answer to the speech from the throne. demanded the im mediate dismissal of the new Ministers. There upon the Chambers were first prorogued for six months and then dissolved. hut the new elections only increased the numbers of the opposition. Suddenly. on .luly 26th, a few days before the new legislature was to assemble, edicts were pro mulgated suspending the liberty of the press. de claring the elections null and void, and prescrib ing various changes in the franchise, which would have left little of a parliaincntary system. The newspapers at once took up the challenge, and on July 27t6 there was some fighting in Paris. On the 2sth eastern section of Paris was tilled with barricades; the insurgents took pos session of the city hall and Notre Dame Cathe dral, and hoisted over them the tricolor. In vain the royal troops, Who Were Wider the COM maw! mf \larmont, captured the different bar ricades: they were at once rebuilt. The soldiers, worn out with their exertions and the heat, fired upon from the windows and pelted with everything imaginable, abandoned the east of l'aris and retreated. By duly 29111 the whole of Paris was in the hands of the insurrectionists, who had as their leaders the veteran Lafayette and La:MU., and only then did Charles X. with
draw his i trdinances, and order the Duke of NIont e mart to form a new Ministry. lint the decree was sent. to Paris from Saint-Cloud,I.vlipre the Court was. by messengers who had no written guarantee. Before they could return with this the adherents of for Duke of Orleans, Louis Philippe. had acted, and demanded by means of placards posted every where that he should be made King. They had been long intriguing, in secret under the leader ship of Talleyrand. the old Minister of Na poleon I.. who felt hiniself slighted by the Bour bons, whose restoration had to a great extent Bern his work. Now the orleanists felt that their time hail coin', and late in the night of duly 30th Louis Philippe arrived in Paris, and early the next morning was made lieutenant-general if the realm. But the Orleanists, led by niers and the banker Laffitte, were opposed by Lafay ette, the of the restore I National Guard. and the municipal committee. who were Republicans. Louis Philippe. how-ever, won them over. and when Charles N.. after abdicating in fa vor of his grandson. the Duke of Bordeaux. fled. the success of Lonis Philippe was assured. and on August 7th the crown was voted to him by the Chambers. The chief effect of the duly I:evolu tion was to remove the clerical influence in the administration. See FRANCE.
In other mint ries of Europe the Jul.y Pevolu lion caused serious disturbanee. The first State to be influenced ryas Holland. Belgium for some time before 1514 had been united to France, hut by the of Vienna it had been handed over to 'Holland, A revolt broke out there, ‘•hieh finally resulted in the independence of Belgium (q.v.). In Poland there was a violent uprising against Russian rule, which was only suppressed after heavy fighting. (Sire PoLAND; ErssiA.) In some other States there were revolutionary move ments on a somewhat. smaller scale, for wide]) see GER NI A : ITALY. Consult: Lavisse and Ramband. ffisdoire ge'ne'rale, vol. x. ( Pa ris.
1595) Pyffe, ff istor:i of lforlrrn Europe. vol. ii.
(London, 155(I) : Seirrnobos. Politiral History of Pro-opp /RC/. Emdish translation by Marvane (New York. 15991.