KITCHENER, kielVen-•-, HORATIO HFIZBERT, first Viscount Kitchener of Khartum, of the Vaal, and of Aspall, Suffolk (1850-1. A British gen eral. the eldest son of Lieut.-Col. Henry Horatio Kitchener, of Ossington, Leicestershire, and Anne Frances, daughter of the Rev. Dr. Chevallier. of Aspall Hall, Suffolk. He was horn September 22, 1850. at Gunsborough Villa, near BallYlongford, Kerry, Ireland. After education at the Royal Military Academy. Woolwich, he entered the army as a lieutenant of royal engineers in 1871. In January of the same year, as a private in the Sixth Battalion of the Mobile Guard, attached to the Second Army of the Loire. under General Chanzy, he had participated in the disastrous re treat after the defeat at Le Mans, having under French colors while on a visit to Dinan. From 187-1 to I882 he was engaged on survey work and civil organization in Palestine and Cyprus, with a brief interval of residence at Erzerum, ns Vice-Ccnsul cf Anatolia from 1879 to ISSO. In 1S82 Sir Evelyn Wood appointed him, as a volunteer, to one of the two majorships of Egyp tian casalry. In 1884. as quartermaster-general and deputy assistant adjutant. he was actively engaged in the vain attempt to keep open com munication for the Nile expedition to relieve Gen eral Gordon (q.v.) at Khartum. In 1885 he was commissioner in the delimitation of Zanzibar as a British protectorate. The following year he attained the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and was made a C.M.G. Returning to Egypt, he became pasha in the native army, and until 1888 was Governor of Suakin. In April, 1888, he attained the rank of colonel in the British Army, and in December of that year, while loading the troops at the battle of Handout), was seriously wounded. In 1889 he received special mention in the dis patches, and was created C.B. for Id, part in the action at Toski under General Gr•nfeII. After the conclusion of the Eastern Sudan campaign he was engaged for four years as adjutant-general and second in command of the Egyptian Army, and also as in,peetor-general of police. In 1892 he was made Sirdar or commander of the Egyptian forces, with the British rank of brigadier-general.
Ile was created K.C.M.G. in 1894. During this period he was steadily engaged in completing preparations for the recovery of the lost provinces of Upper Egypt, which had been under Mandist rule since 1883. The campaign commenced in 1896 with the capture of Dung()la. Fur this ser vice Kitchener received the 0.manieh Grand Cor don. was created K.C.B. and advanced to major general. With the overthrow of the Rhalifa, the MandE, successor, at the battle of Omdur man, and the capture of Khartum on September 2, 1898, he completed the defeat of the Dervishes. Ile was welcomed with acclamation on his return to England. received a peerage with the title of Baron Kitelteuer of Khartum and of Aspall (Suffolk), was voted the thanks of both Houses of Parliament and a grant of 00,000 (8150.000). Ms suggestion for the foundation of a uni ? er,ity at Khartum was promptly acted upon, and the funds for the purpose were quickly raised by public subscription. In 1899 he was appointed Governor-General of the Sudan. After General Buller's defeat in the Trans vaal War, Lord Roberts was appointed com mander-in-chief in South Africa. and chose Lord Kitchener as his chief of staff. During 1900 Kitchener rendered valuable aid in facilitating Lord Roberts's marches across the veldts and in the annexation of the Boer republics. During the • eonneeted with the maintenance of the line, of communication with Cape Colony. he was in frequent contact with Boor contingents, and on one occasion narrowly escaped capture at the hands of general De Wet, whom be de teated toward the end of the year. In Decem ber, 1000, Field-Marshal 1Zoberts returned to England. and Kitchener assumed chief command.
measures resulted in the acceptance of peace conditions by the Boers on May 31, 1902. For this service Kitchener was created viscount. and again was the recipient of ovations on his return to England. The same year he was appointed cominander-in-ehief of the army in India. Con sult st covens, With Kitchener to Khartum (Lon don, 18981.