KLINGER, Max (1857—). A German artist, painter, etcher, and sculptor, born in Leipzig. He studied under Gussow in Karlsruhe and in Ber lin; made his debut in I878 with sonic paintings and drawings then severely criticised, hut after wards bought, for the National Gallery; learned etching and aquatint by himself in 1879; and then studied in Bruseels and in Munich, in Paris (18813 sqq.), and from 1888 to 1892 in Rome, %%hence he returned to Leipzig. llis activity fall a into three natural divisions. In the earliest (1879-86), his most important works were cycles of etchings, which, apart from the classical sub jects from Ovid and from Apuleius's Cupid end Psyche, and a few clever modern scenes, such as the "History of a Glove" and the "Intermezzi," were mystical and allegorical. Among these are the famous "A Life" (1882), "Eve and the Future" (18S0), and above "Death" (1889), which is reminiscent at times of Diirer, but strikes many original notes. as in the dead skele ton representing Death. and the wonderful 0,eries of "Brahms-Phantasie" (1894). The middle pe riod is one of composition in oils, and the most important titles are the "Judgment of Paris" (1886, in the Vienna Gallery) ; "L'heure bleue" (1889) ; then in fifteenth-century style a "Pieta" and a "Crucifixion" (1890. Hanover Museum) ;
and "Christ on Olympus" (1897, Vienna Mus eum), all original in treatment and heroic in size, with marked psychological power. Psychological, too, are the earlier subjects in Klinger's polychromatic statuary. the "Salome" (18P4) and "Cassandra" (1895) ; which were followed by studies of the nude, "Bathing" (1898) and "Amphitrite" (1899), and by the portrait statue of Beethoven (1902). in which the marble figure mule to the knee, which is covered with an onyx mantle, leans forward in an elaborately decorated bronze chair, with white marble angel-heads on the upper arms. The chair is set on great masses of cloud, with a black marble eagle at the front. All these statues are in the Leipzig Museum. save "Amphitrite," which is in the National Gallery. Berlin. Klinger wrote Mulerei and Zeichnung (3d ed. 1899). Criti cism on the whole takes him kindly and seriously. Ile became a member of the Berlin Academy in 1884, and received gold medals at Vienna and Dresden in 1895. Consult the biography by Selimid (Leipzig. 1899), and that of Me•sner (2d ed.. lb., 1899), as well as the latter's Klinger rk (Munich, 1896 and 1901).