KOLA'RIAN PEOPLES. A group of East Indian tribes, numbering between two and three millions, who inhabit the ,jangle and mountains of the country west and southwest of Calcutta in the Presidency of Bengal. and the regions adjoin ing. The principal Kolarian tribes are the Mnn da-Kols of Chota Nagpur. the Larka-Kols (or Ho. as they call themselves) of the Singbhum dis trict in Chota Nagpur. the Bhumij in western Bengal, the Santals who inhabit a stretch of coun try from the mouth of the river Mahanadi in northern Orissa to Bhagalpur on the flanges in northern Bengal, the Karla of Lohardaga in Cho ta Nagpur, the ,Tuang or Paton of the Cuttaek country about the mouth of the Mahanadi in Orissa. etc. The Sayarasor Saoras, inhabiting parts of western Bengal. Orissa. and Madras, are by some authorities classed with the Kolarians, and by others with the Dravidian peoples; lin guistically they would seem to be more allied to the former and physically, perhaps, more to the latter. A few other smaller tribes are prac tically in the same condition. The physical type of the Kolarians is probably best preserved in the Juang, about the most primitive tribe of this stock, who are short-statured, doliehocephalic, with prominent zygomatie arches and rather that faces. The Munda-Kols are the most doliehoce phalic and the Larka-Kols (who have sonic ad mixture of Aryan blood) the tallest, both these and the Kols of the Northwest Provinces and Oudh being above the average height. Physically, the Kolarians arc not absolutely distinct from the Dravidians, and nnmy ethnologists class both as subdivisions of one and the smile somatic race. Others, however, think that the Dravidian type differs little from the Hindu, except where it has been modified by contact with the Kolarians and dark aborigines. The `negroid' characteristics of the Kolarian have been much exaggerated, and such as may exist are perhaps due to pre-Dravid ian and pre-Kolarian aborigines of negroid stock. The Kolarians have never reached the height of culture attained by the Dravidians, nor have they distinguished themselves in architecture or re ligion. The .Juang represent the lowest stage of
the Kolarians, being hunters and gatherers of fruits, roots, etc., and making only the most primitive attempts at agriculture; the Kharia are partly civilized and some of them use the plow; some of the Santals are at a stage be yond this, as are also some of the other Kols or 31undas. The Kolarians have largely retained their old animistic religion with an overcast of polytheism. although with some of them a rude form of Hinduism prevails. The Kolarian languages are about ten in number. l'nlike the Dravidian tongues. they possess a dual for nouns, but lack a negative verb-form. They are rich in inflection by suffixes and in eonjugation. The best-studied of these is the Santal: a gram mar by Skefsrud was published in 1873. and an edition of .Flop's Fables in 1886. There is also a a t der Kolh-Sprachc (fliitersloh, 1882) 1).7 Nottrott. Consult : Caldwell, Compare tire Grammar of the Draridian Language (3d ell., London. 1875) ; Cast, Modern Lou qua !ICS of the East Indies (London, 1878) Alan. Sonthalia and the fionthabo (London, 1867) ; Dalton. Deserip tire Ethnology of Bengal (Calcutta. 1872) ; Bunt er, Annals of Ram/ ficngaf (London. 1868-72) ; Rowney. Wild Tribes of India (London. 1882) ; Folk (London. 1890).
KOLB, 101p, GEORG FRIEnnicii (1808-S4). A Cerman politician and statistician. Ile was born at Speyer. in Rhenish Bavaria, where for more than twenty years lie conducted a liberal journal until its suppression by the Co•ernment in 1453. Later. as a member of the Bavarian Parliament. Kolb strenuously opposed the federal union of Ilermany. and was filially forced to take up his residence in Zurich to escape from the persecutions of the Bavarian Covermnent. He returned in 1800, again to become the editor of a liberal journal. His chief works are: Hand buch der rerglcichenden Statistik (8th ed. 1879) and Kalturgesehiehte der Nensehheit (3d ed. 1884).