In Germany, during the nineteenth century. the classic idea found its chief representatives in Rottman!) and Preller: while the Dusseldorf school (q.v.). especially Karl Frederick Les sing. stood for the Romantic idea. A broadening influence was exercised by Scandinavian artist. who were active in Germany. Artists began to travel everywhere. finding interesting subjects, but producing no really great pictures. Switzer land produced remarkable artists in Calarne, the painter of mountain scenes, and Biieklin (died 1901). who depicted fantastic scenes brilliantly colored. Chiefly under French influence. schools of landscape have developed in the Scandinavian countries (Zorn), Russia, Scotland (Glasgow), and in Holland (Jongkind, Mesdag, the broth ers Maris).
The native American school of landscape in the first half of the nineteenth century (see Hanson 111vEn ScnooL), though distinctly na tional in character, made no real contributions to the development of landscape art. in George Illness (died 1804) America possessed an artist of great power and originality. lle was some what influenced by the school of Barbizon, one of the two must potent influences in American landscape art, the other being Impressionism.
Homer Martin, Tryon, Horatio Walker, Weir, Twachtman. and Theodore Robinson are a few among many representatives of ability.
Consult: Woermatnn, Die Lanelsehaft in der Kunst der alien l'olher (Munich, 1876) : Du paysagc et (In sentiment de la nature ci noire e'pogue (Nancy, 1876) ; Gilbert, Landscape in An Before the Dates of Claude and Sa/rotor (London, 1S85) ; Hamerton, Landscape, with Original Etchings awl Illustrations front Pictures and Drawings ( London, 1885) Kiimmerer, "Die Landschaft in der deutschen Kunst," in Beitritgen :fur Kunslgesehichte (Leipzig, 1886) ; Von Lich tenberg, "Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Land sehaft be' den Niederhindern and Deutschen ire Jahrhundert" ( ib.. 1892) ; Zimmermann, "Die Landsehaft in der venezianischen Malerei his zum Tode Tizians" (ib., 1893) ; Kallab, "Die toscanische Landscha ft ire 14. and 15. Jahrhun dert," in Jahrbuch der Kunstsammlun-gen des allerhochsten Kaiserhauses (Vienna. 1900) ; Rus kin, Lectures on. Landscape (London, 1897) ; Leitschuh, Das ircsen der modcrnen Landsehaft (Strassburg, 1SOS).