With the use of language as a means of com munication, psychology has two chief concerns: the analysis of the communal character of speech in general, and the direct problem of its dual symbolism. The first of these belomrs to the domain of social psychology and considers such phenomena as the ideational nature of truth or of definition, as received by the eommon accord of men. Language affords one of the most intri cate instances of creation by rongengux or)), ium. and hence presents a field for astute sociological analysis. The second concern. as to the dual symbolism of language, is properly a problem of epistemology (q.v.). Thought is formulated in language, that is, it is symbolized in words. These words, when uttered, are understood, as we say; that is, they are taken to lie sym bols of thought in mother's mind. The thought of the person who utters the words and the thought of the person who understands them are supposed to he similar, although the thought of neither is to he identified with the symbolic eon veya.nee, that is, with the language. Analysis of
the psychoses involved in this process is a fruit ful source of speculative anxiety.
Consult: Sweet, History of Language (London, 1900) ; Muller, The Science of Language (Lon don, 1861) ; Whitney, Life and Growth of Lan guage (New York, 1875) ; Lefevre, Race and Lan guage (New York, 1894) ; Paul, Principles of the History of Language, from 2d German ed. (London, 1888) ; Wundt, Vii/kerpsycho/ogic, vol. i. (Leipzig, 1900) ; Steinthal, Ursprung der Sprache (3d ed., Berlin, 1877) ; Curti, Die Sprach whopping (Wiirzburg, 1890) ; Wallace, "Ex pressiveness in Speech," in Studies Scientific and Social, vol. ii. I London, 1900) ; Ltourneau, "L'6volution du langage," in Revue Mensvelle de l'Eeole d'Ant'wopologie de Paris, vol. x. (Paris, 1900) ; Ribot, L'Cvolution des idees generates (ib., 1897) ; Chamberlain, The Child (New York, 1900) ; Compayr6, L'evolut-ion intellectuclle ct morale do Valliant (Paris, 1893). See Miami, OGY PHONETICS ; SPEECH.