LATERAN COUNCILS. The councils held in the Lateran Basilica at Rome. (See LATERAN, CD URCII OF SAINT Joux.) The first one of im portance was called by 3lartin I. in 649 to con demn those who denied that there were two wills in Christ, the divine and the human. (See MoNoTHELrusm.) 1 t was attended by more than NO bishops of Italy, the adjacent islands, and Africa. The numerous reforming synods of the eleventh century were usually held in the Lat eran, since it was then the residence of the popes. That of 1050, under Nicholas 11., is important for its decisions on clerical celibacy and Papal elections. Those of 1105, 1112, and 1110 dealt with the question of investiture (q.v.), as did the Council of 1123, known among Roman Catho lics as the First Lateran Council in the list of those which they account ecumenical. (See COUNCIL.) It was called by Calixtus II., was at tended by more than 300 bishops, and confirmed the articles of the Concordat of Worms. The second Lateran council in this classification was held by Innocent 11. in 1139, and was com posed of over 1000 bishops. It provided for the healing of the schism caused by the Antipope Anacletus If., and condemned the innovations of the Petrobritsians and Arnold of Brescia. The
third, held by Alexander III. in 1179 after the conclusion of pence with Frederick Barbarossa, regulated Papal elections (requiring two-thirds of the electors for validity), settled the qualifica tions for the episcopate, and passed a number of disciplinary canons. The fourth, convened by Innocent III. in 1215, strongly supported the (rusades, condemned the doctrines of the Cathari and Waldenses, giving ecclesiastical sanction for the first tbne to the expression 'transubstantia tion' as an explanation of the mode of Christ's presence in the Eucharist, required every mem ber of the Church who had reached the age of discretion to approach the sacrament of penance at least once a year, forbade clandestine mar riages, and passed many other important dis ciplinary canons. The fifth, opened Julius 11. in 1512, and closed by Len X. in 1517, dealt with the sehism growing out of the Council of Pisa. provided for resistance to the Turks. and replaced the Pragmatic Sanction by a concordat with France. Consult Heide, Coneiliengesehiehte (9 vols., Freiburg. 1555-90).