NAMES II. OF ENGLAND AND VII. OF SCOT LAND (1633-1701). The son of Charles I. and Henrietta Maria, he was born October 14. 1633. While a mere infant he was created Duke of York and Albany. In 1646 he was surrendered along with his father to the Parliamentary authorities. who held hint in custody till he managed to escape in 11;48. He served in sev eral campaigns under Turenne: but as the treaty between Cromwell and Louis XIV. provided for the removal of the English royal family from France, James entered the military service of Spain. _Appointed Lord High Admiral of Eng land at the Restoration. he twice commanded the English fleet in the ensuing wars with Hol land. Although he showed some ability in this office, his weak. inconsistent character stood in the way of much-needed naval reform. On the death of his wife Anne--datighter of Sir Edward Hyde—as an avowed Catholic, he declared him self a convert to her faith. The Test Act of 1673. accordingly, compelled him to resign his office. His marriage in this year with Mary Beatrice, sister of the Duke of Modena. led him to favor close connection with Louis XIV'. When great irritation agaiust the Roman Catholics arose in England on the publication of Titus Oates's supposed discoveries, the Duke of York retired for a short time to Holland. The bill for his exclusion from the throne was twice read before the House of Commons. and prevented from passing only by the prorogation of Parlia ment. May 26, 1679. In 1680 the Exclusion Bill passed the House of Commons, but was rejected by the Lords. On his return from abroad. and while this bill was before Parliament, the Duke was sent to govern Scotland. But when Charles 11. died, February 6. 1685. James succeeded to the crown without opposition. Incurring the hostility of Parliament by favoring the Catholics. and on account of his scheme for maintaining a standing army, the new King. in order to obtain money, had to become a pensioner of Louis TIC". In Passion Week, 1685. the rites of the Church of Rome were openly celebrated at Westminster with full splendor. In the same year the sup pression of the Duke of Monmouth's rebellion in England, and that of the Earl of Argyll in Scotland. was followed by great severities. On the western circuit alone. well known as the Bloody Assize. presided over by the infamous Jeffreys. 320 persons were hanged. 'Then Parlia ment met. November 9. James requested extra supplies to maintain a standing army; but after a stormy debate he was refused. To aid his endeavors in favor of the Roman Catholics, he resolved to conciliate the Puritans. much as he hated them. On April 4. 1687. appeared the memorable Declaration of Indulgence, in which he announced his intention of protecting dis senters in the free exercise of their religion; and the nation beheld the extraordinary spec tacle of the Hon-se of Stuart leagued with re publican and regicide sects against the old Cavaliers of England. The attempt to conciliate the Puritans, however. was unsuccessful: and in March, 1(387, it began to he evident that the war between King and Church must soon reach a climax. At that time. a vacancy having occurred in the presidency of Magdalen College. Oxford.
a royal letter recommended Anthony Farmer. a Roman Catholic, to the vacant place: For Farmer was afterwards substituted Parker, a Bishop of Oxford. who, in addition to other legal disqualifi cations, was known to he a Roman Catholic, though not avowed. To place him in the office the King resorted to military force. On April 27. 168S. .James published a second Declaration of Indulgence. which he ordered to be read in all the churches in the Kingdom. The clergy generally disobeyed, and seven of the bishops, for venturing on a written remonstrance. were committed to the Tower on a charge of seditious libel. On June 10th of the same year James's luckless son. known in history as the Pretender, was born. The certainty that the young heir to the throne would be trained in the Roman Catholic faith determined the country to he rid of the King. Public sentiment compelled the Court to acquit the seven bishops. June 30. 168g. That very night an invitation was dispatched to William. Prince of Orange. signed by seven of the loathing English politicians, to bring an army into England for the restoration of liberty and for the support of Protestantism. On No vember 5th 'William landed at Torbay with 14,000 men. dames found himself deserted by the nobility, gentry, and army; even his own chil dren turned against him. lie retired to France, where he was hospitably received by Louis NIV., who settled a revenue upon him. Early in .March in the following year he made a hopeless attemitt to regain his throne by invading Ireland with a small army, with which he had been furnished by the King of France. lie waged war on the island for more than a year, and was finally totally defeated at the battle of the Boyne, July, 1690. to France. he continued to reside at Sainttter main till his death. Sep tember G. 1701. During the greater part of his life he was as licentious as others of his rank, but in his last years of retirement lie became a religious ascetic. Although lie utterly failed in the duties of a sovereign, he was kind as a father and loyal to friends, thintoo RA i'II Y. Life of James the Second, King of England, Collected Out of il(miairs Writ by II is Olen /land, published by Clarke (Lon th.n, IS1G); Bromley, Collection of Original Royal Letters (London, 1787 ) ; Burnet, History of the Reign of King James: the Ncrond (Oxford, 1832; id., //isto•y of this Own Time, Oxford. 1533) ; Secret Distory of the Four Last Monarelis of (treat Britain: James 1., etc. (London, 1691) ; Maepherson. Original Papers, I. (London. 1775) ; Pepys, Diary and Correspondence (4 vols., Lon don, 1,490) ; Iteresby, Trarels and Memoirs (Lon don, 1813) ; de la Fayette, "31(anoires de la ('our de Frame," in Asse, Ih'tnoires do la Payette (Paris, 15901 : id.. Character of the IIigotted Prince (London. ](i91) ; Timmer, "KiMig Jakob II, mid Anna Ilyde." in llistorisches Taselnrn ?melt, see., viii. 1 Leipzig. 1867) ; Carte, Life of Ormond(' (Oxford, 18511 ; Dalrymple, licmoirs of ("treat Britain and Deland (401 ed., London, 1873) ; Cavelli, Les ((milers Stuarts a Saint Germain-en La ye Park, 1S7 1 Der Fall (Its //nurses Stuart, (Vienna,