OLD CATHOLICS ) , as well as by its denial of the right of the Church to excommunicate any of its members without leave from the State. Another cause of dispute was the refusal of Pope Pius IX. to receive Cardinal Hohenlohe as German Ambas sador. on the ground that a cardinal. as a member of the Pope's own council. cannot represent a foreign government. The ill feeling caused by these conflicting claims led the Reichstag to pass a law (1872) expelling the Jesuits from the Em pire. The outbreak of the Kulturkampf, bow ever, is dated from the enactment by the Prus sian Diet (Slay 11-14. 1S73) of a series of four laws aiming at the regulation of the Catholic and Evangelical clergy. These were introduced by Falk. Bismarck's Minister of Public Worship, and, together with certain supplementary legisla tion, were known as the Fall: or Slay Laws. The first of these laws provided that all candi dates for ecclesiastical office should have received a three years' university training in the liberal arts, and required them to pass a State examina tion: it also placed all theological seminaries under State control, and gave the provincial au thorities the right to confirm or annul all ec clesiastical appointments. The second law snb jected the discipline of the churches to the supreme authority of a specially created ecclesi astical court. The third law further limited the exercise of disciplinary authority by the clergy. The fourth law made it obligatory on converts to obtain the consent of a magistrate before changing their confession. The Slav Laws were received with a storm of protest, and the Catholic bishops as a body refused to recognize their valid ity. The opposition of the Catholic clergy was met with more drastic measures by the Govern ment. In April, 1S75, all recusant priests were deprived of their stipends. and in Slay all re ligious orders and congregations were abolished. with the exception of those devoted to the care of the sick. The Reichstag in the same year passed a law making marriage a civil contract. The Pope's encyclical of 1875 declaring all the anti-elerical legislation void was answered by the Prussian Government with the use of force. Many of the bishops and the lower clergy were fined, exiled, or imprisoned. and the Church or ganization in Prussia was practically destroyed. In 1877, S out of 15 bishoprics. and more than 1400 out of some 4600 parishes, were vacant. By this time, however. Bismarck had discovered that
he had gone too far. The people were aroused by what had ceased to be a State policy and had be come persecution, and in 1877 sent an increased delegation of Clericals to the Reichstag. New questions, besides the rise of the Socialist Party and the need of economic legislation. drew the Chancellor's attention. and in joining conflict with the Socialists he found that he had need of the support of the Clerical Centre. The accession of Leo Nil 1. prepared the way for the resump tion of friendly relations. Negotiations were opened in 1873. and were continued in the follow ing rear. Falk was displaced in the Ministry of Public Worship. and in a series of five laws. enacted between ISSO and ISS7, the Slav Laws were practically nullified. Consult: Hahn. Ge sehiehte des Kulturkampfs in Preussen (Berlin, 1881) : Wiermann. Geschichte des Kulturkumpfs (2d ed. Leipzig. ISSG). See BismARcK-Scitfix nm•sEN; GERM ANY; POLITICAL PARTIES. section on Germany.
KUM, kin, or ROM, The chief town of the province of the same name in Irak A iemi, Persia, situated 90 miles southwest of Teheran, on the route between that place and Ispahan (Slap: Persia. D 4). It is in a half mined state, but is regarded as one of the most sacred places of pilgrimage in Persia. and great numbers of pilgrims flock annually to the tomb of Fatima, a sister of Imam Riza. and the tombs of numerous other saints. The population is esti mated at 20,000. Kum is supposed to have been founded by the Saracens at the beginning of the ninth century, and flourished until the in vasions of the Afghans in the eighteenth century.
KiJMAMoTO, kWina•nuYt.G. A prefectural city and strongly fortified garrison town of Japan, situated near the western coast of the island of Kiushiu, on the river Shirakawa. and about tour mile, above its mouth (Slap: Japan, B 7). It is well built and full of gardens. It was formerly the seat of the Daimios of Higo, and was besieged by Saigo and his army during the satsuma Rebellion of !SIT. It is distant only 25 miles from the volcanic peak Aso-yama, and suffered from severe earthquakes in ISS9. It is the terminus of the first section (170 miles) of the Trunk Railway of Kiushiu, leading from Moji on the north to Kagoshima. The Buddhist temple of Hommyoji outside of the town is a popular place of pilgrimage. The harbor is ac cessible to ,mall craft. Population, in IS9S, 61, 463.