JACKSON, THOMAS JONATHAN. generally known as Stmaarall Jacksoul (1824-63). A fa mous American soldier, horn 'January 21, 1824, of Scoteh-lrish-English stock, at Clarksburg in western Virginia (now West Virginia). At an early age he was left to the care of an uncle, a farmer and miller, under whom he was trained in business methods and received some opportunity study. Mien onlyeighteen he became sheriff of the county, stint S0011 after was admitted to \Vest Point. where, in 1846, he graduated number eigh teen in a Class of seventy, which included Mc Clellan. Reno, Gibbon, Pickett, Maury. A. P. Ilill, and Wilcox. He was assigned as second lieutenant to the First Artillery, ordered to join Magruder's battery. then serving in Mexico. al most immediately achieved prominence in the operations under General Scott, and was brevet ted eaptain and major for gallantry at Contreras. Churubuseo, and C'hapultepec. From 184S to 1551 he was static »ed at Fort Hamilton. and first became noted for that strong religious tendeney which afterwards eaused him to be known as the Ilaveloek of the Confederate Army. On March 27, Mil. he resigned from the army and became professor of natund and experimental philosophy and artillery tactics in the Lexington Military Institute. In 1856 he visited Europe. On April 21, 1861, soon after the outbreak of the Civil War. -Jackson was ordered by direction of the Governor of Virginia to report with his corps of cadets at Richmond for active service. He was eomoissirmed a colonel, was placed in com mand of the Virginia forces. and was sent to Harper's Ferry. In July of the same year his troops were organized into a brigade (after wards the 'Stonewall Brigade'), and be was ap pointed a brigadier-general. When the Confed erates under Johnston moved from Harper's Ferry toward Manassas, Jackson's brigade was in the van and among the first to get into posi tion. In the first battle of Bull Run, the South Carolinians were sorely pressed. and their com mander, General Bee, seeking to encourage them, is said to have cried out. "Look at Jackson- there be stands like a stone wall." thus origi nating the historic sobriquet. In September Jackson was promoted to be major-general. and was assigned to command the Confederate forces in the lower Shenandoah Valley. The duty as signed 11;in is thus described by General John ston: "After it became evident that the valley was to he invaded by an army too strong to be encountered by Jackson's division. that officer was instructed to endeavor to employ the in vaders in the valley. but without exposing him self to the danger of defeat, by keeping so near the enemy as to keep him from making any con siderable detachment to reinforce McClellan, but not so near that he might be compelled to fight." In pursuance of this plan, Jackson fell back up the valley before Banks, who occu pied Winchester. Late in March. 1862, the Fed eral forces were withdrawn to Manassas as an outpost of the defenses of Washington. and were closely followed by Jackson. Underestimating the strength of the Federal rear guard under General Shields, he made a sharp attaek ( March 23(1) upon that otlieer's position at. Kernstown, throe miles south of Winchester. but after a severe struggle of three hours was repulsed, re tiring in good order, with the loss of several hundred men and one piece of artillery. While this affair was a reverse to the Confederates, the boldness shown by Jackson confirmed the Federal authorities in the determination to retain Mc Dowell in front of the capital, in spite of Mc Clellan's protest. Jackson finally retired to Staunton, from which point (having increased his available force to 16.000 men) he confronted 30,000 men under Banks and Frt5mont with three minim's. attacked the Federal detachments in detail, and succeeded in out-maineuvring them, particularly in the affair at McDowell (May St1)). Banks, finding his communications threat ened, fell back across the Potomac, closely fol lowed by Jackson. Soon afterwards Jackson re-occupied Winchester. About May 30th, finding his communications with Richmond threatened by a fresh Federal force under McDowell, he began a rapid and masterly retreat up the val ley. halting at certain favorable points and engaging his pursuers successfully. particularly at Cross Keys and Port Republic (June 6th, 8th, and 9th). Jackson's valley eampaign was a conspicuous illustration of his characteristics as a leader, the extraordinary mobility of his infantry earning for it the title of 'foot cavalry.' Early in April, 1862. the Confederate army. under Cen. J. E. Johnston. was lying in front of Richmond. McClellan, at the head of the Army
of the Potomac. was marching up the peninsula to invest that city. meeting with but little opposition save at Yorktown and Williamsburg (qq.v.). Gen. R. E. Lee was placed in com mand of the Confederate forces after the battle of Seven Pines or Fair Oaks (May 31st.June 1st), in which Johnston had been severely wound ed, and one of his first acts was to order General Jackson to join him with his corps. The junction was effected with Jackson's cus tomary promptness and skill. and Ile suddenly appeared (June 26th) at Mechanicsville. upon the right flank of the Federal army. which fell Wyk after a smart engagement to Gaines's Mill, where, on the following day, the battle was re newed. Jackson's corps took part in the move ments attending McClellan's 'change of base,' and was especially prominent at Malvern Hill (July 1st). Soon afterwards Jackson confronted Gen era] Pope, who with the combined forces of Banks, Shields, and Fremont was assuming the offensive in northern Virginia. He first defeated Banks at Cedar Mountain on August 9th, and by a rapid flank movement gained Pope's rear and his depot of supplies at Manassas Junction. On August 29-30 the Confederates under Lee and Jackson achieved a decisive victory over Pope in the second battle of Bull Run, which forced bim to fall back upon the Potomac. In Lee's in vasion of Maryland, which immediately followed, Jackson was detached to capture Harper's Ferry, which fell into his hands, together with more than 11,500 prisoners and considerable material of war. At Antietam, on September 17th, he com manded the Confederate left wing. At Fred ericksburg, December 13th. Jackson, who had recently been promoted to be lieutenant-general, commanded the right of the Army of Northern Virginia, and repelled the attack made by Burn side's left grand division under Franklin. In the following spring the new commander of the Army of the Potomac, General Hooker, crossed the Rappahannock and attempted to interpose his command between Lee and Richmond, sending nearly all his cavalry under Stoneman to cut the Confederate communications with Richmond. The Federal forces, drawn up at Chancellorsville, were greatly superior in strength and were strongly in trenched, excepting on the extreme right of their line. Taking advantage of this weakness. .Jackson. on May 2d, with Lee's consent, withdrew his corps from the front, made a long and rapid detour. came in unobserved on the enemy's right flank (Howard's corps), and, screened by the dense wood, advanced in three lines and burst like a tornado upon the unsuspecting Federals. After a slight effort at resistance, the greater part of Howard's eorps fled panic-stricken to the rear, hotly pursued by •ackson's men, who were, how ever, greatly impeded by the underbrush and lost their formation. With a small escort Jackson advanced in front of his lines, between eight and nine o'clock P.M., to reconnoitre. As he was re turning his party was mistaken for Federal cav alry, and was fired upon by the Confederates. .Jackson was severely wounded in the left arm and right hand. On the following day his left arm was amputated, and lie seemed in a fair way to recover, but pneumonia set in, from which he died May 10. 1863. Jackson was conspicuous not only for his military ability, but also for his personal virtues. Like Cromwell, he blended the devoutness of the Puritan with the severity of the soldier. He never began a battle without a prayer, and after a victory publicly gave thanks to God. He was very gentle in his social rela tions, and he believed in making war with con sideration for all non-combatants, hut to the bitter end, relentlessly, against all enemies of his cause. Ile resembled Sheridan in the sound ness of his judgment, quickness to seize an ad vantage, and personal magnetism, but, like that general, the full measure of his capacity was never tested. When Lee heard of his wounds he exclaimed: "General Jackson has lost his left arm ; I have lost my right arm." He was buried at Lexington. Va. There is a monument to his memory in one of the public parks in Richmond. and the spot where he re ceived his death wound is marked by a plain granite shaft hearing his name. Jackson was twice married, first to Miss Eleanor Junkin, and second to Miss Mary A. Morrison. Biographies have been published by R. L. Dabney (New York, 1863) ; John Esten Cooke (1866) ; Mary A. Cooke (his wife) (New York, 1892). Cormilt especially a critical study of his campaigns. by Col. G. F. Henderson, entitled Life and Cam paigns of Stonewall Jackson (London and New York, 1900).