TUE CITY. The dome of the Church of Holy Sepulchre is located in latitude 31° 40' 45" N., longitude 35° 13' 25" E. The city is distant 33 miles from the Mediter ranean and 15 miles from the northern end of the Dead Sea. It is situated on a spur from the main ridge or watershed of Palestine, which runs out eastward fin' a mile and a half, and then deflects to the south for nearly the same distance. On three sides—east. south, and south weal—the city is bounded by deep ravines. The plateau thus formed was originally broken by minor valleys and hills. The highest summit was at the southwest angle. Between this 1)1-o:1(1 western 11111 and the eastern part of the spur was a valley—the Tyroweon (i.e. 'the cheese make•s'). The eastern hill, with several distinct summits, was somewhat long and narrow, sinking rapidly at its southern end. The three' valleys, the Kidron on the east. the Tyroweon in the middle, and that of Ilinnom on the smith and west of the western bill, unite southeast of the city. At their junction the elevation is about 2000 feet above the sea. The summit of the western hill is over 2500 feet above sea-level, that of the eastern somewhat. less. The upper portion of the Tyroweon and several minor ravines are now almost entirely obliterated by the aecumulated rubbish of 3000 years' eheeke•ed history. The climate of the city is not unhealth ful. Ind the unsatisfactory sanitary conditions produce frequent outbreaks of fever and other epidemics. The mean annual temperature is about 62°. the extremes being 25° and 112°. The animal rainfall averages a little over 23 inches. Jerusalem proper is surrounded by a long and tortuous wall, built by Soliman the Magnificent in the first half of the sixteenth century, and practically coinciding with the fortifications of the city at the time of the Crusa(b.s. The wall is surmounted by thirty-eight towers, and is pierced I y eight gates, of which the most important are the Jaffa Gate in the west. the Damas•us Gate in the northwest, and the newly opened Gate of Abdul-11:1111b1, a short distance north of the Jaffa (late. '['lie inner city is divided into four harts. The Mohammedans occupy the north eastern and largest portion adjoining the llaram csh-Sherif; the Armenians live in the southwest ; the Jews in the southeast, and the Christians in the northwest adjoining the outer city. The
town is laid out irregularly and the since un equally distrilmted. The streets are narrow, tortuous. and dirty. The Jerusalem of tile present, with its mercantile houses, hotels, stores, various educational and philanthropical institutions, has very little suggesting the city of the past. The historical interest of the city centres around the Haram esb-Sherif (the site of the' Temple; see Tt:n ems: AT JIiiI'SAI.ENI; t /NIAR, MOSQUE OE) Church of the Holy Sepulchre, and the Via Dolorosa (q.v.). Of the modern re ligions edifices may he mentioned the Latin Patriarchal Church, the German Church of the Iledeeme•, the French Church of Saint Anne, the Coptic and the Franciscan monasteries, and the Armenian patriarchal buildings. The outer town. which has grown up since 1858 to the northwest of the old city, contains many Christian Aurelio: and hospices, hospitals, schools, missions, monasteries, as well as con sulates and many private residenees. In the neighborhood are a number of Jewish colonies. In regard to sanitary conditions the outer city is not above .Jerusalem proper. The city is con nected by carriage-roads with ,Jaffa, Bethlehem, Hebron, and .Jericho, and by a narrow-gauge railway line (54 miles) operated by a French company, with Jaffa. The chief industry of Jerusalem is the manufacture of articles from olive-wood and mother-at-pearl. The trade is chiefly in the hands of the Jews. Administra tively the city is the capital of a sanjak, and has two councils, in wide]: the recognized religious communities' are represented. Jerusalem is the seat of a Boman Catholic, a Greek Catholic, and an Armenian patriarch, an Anglican bishop, and numerous consuls. The permanent population is estimated at 50.000 to 60,000, of whom the Jews constitute over one-half, the Mohammedans ex ceeding 7000. and the Christians numbering over 10,000. The annual number of pilgrims and tourists is estimated at an average of 15,000.