LAIBACH, or LAYBACH. The cap ital of the Austrian Crownland of Carniola, situ ated on the Laibach River, 45 miles northeast of Tnest (Map: Austria, D 3). It contains a number of fine promenades and squares, adorned Nvali monuments, among which the most notable is the bronze bust of Radetzky. The ecclesiastical edifices are largely of recent origin. Other note worthy buildings are the Rathaus, the old castle on the Schlossberg outside of the town, and the palaces of the bishop and the counts of Auers perg. The educational institutions include the gymnasia, a seminary for teachers of both sexes, a number of special schools, and a museum. There are a large hospital and a penitentiary. La ibach manufactures cotton goods. church bells, tobaeeo, and machinery and other iron products. It is the seat of a prince-bishop. Its commerce is of some importance. In the neighboring Laibach Fen have been found interesting lake dwellings. Pop ulation, in 1890, 31,663; in 1900. 36.547, mostly
Slavic. Laibach is believed to occupy the site of the Roman Aeniona or Hemona. It tlourishell under the rule of the Franks. In 9711 it became the capital of Carinthia and Carpi°la, and at the end of the thirteenth century passed under the rule of the House of Hapsburg. It was the seat of the French dominion of the Illyrian provinces from 1809 to 1313. In 1821 Laibach was the scene of the famous congress of mon archs, convened for the purpose of putting an end to carbonarisin in Italy, and to restore Na ples and Sicily to their former political status. The result of the congress was the passing of resolutions establishing among European nations the right of armed intervention in the affairs of any neighboring. States in ease of internal political disturbances. Most of the larger Euro pean countries were represented at the congress, against whose action England protested.