BINLIOGRAPJ1 Y. For history of ancient and val logic, consult Prantl's great work. Gcschiehtc der Logik im Abendlande (4 vols., Leipzig, 1855 ;u). For a general history, consult Harms, Ge schiehle der Logik (Berlin, 1881). L'eberweg, System der Logik (Bonn. 1857; 5th ed. 1882; Eng. trans. of 3d ed., London, 1874) : Hamilton, Lect ores on Logic (London, 1859) ; and Mansel's annotated edition of Aldrich's Artis Logiew Rudi moan (London, 1851/ give valuable historical material. Les loqiciens anylais contem porains (Paris, 1878), may be consulted with ad vantage by students desiring to obtain a general survey of English work done up to the time of publication of that book. Of systematic treatises OD logic. the following may be mentioned: Aris totle's various writings now known collectively as the Organon ; Kant. Logik (Konigsberg, 1800) ; Hegel, Wissenschaft der Logik (Greater Logic, 2.1 ed., Berlin, 1831) : id., Encyklopiidie der irissenschaf ten tar Orundrissc. Erste,. Thcil. Die Logik (Lesser Logic, Heidel berg, 1817) ; dill, A System of Logic, Ratiocin« tire and Inductive ( London, 1843; 8th ed. 1S72) ; Whately. Elements of Logie lS25; many subsequent editions) ; Thomson, Outline of the Necessary ',nits of Thought (ib., 1842) ; Manse], Prolegomena Logic(' (Oxford, 1851) ; Jevons, Elementary Lessons in. Logic (London, 1870); id., Pure Logic (ib., ISO) ; id., Substitution on Simi/ars (ib., 1S69) ; id., The Principles of Science (ib., 1874; 2d ed. 1877) ; id., Studies in Deductive Logic (ib., 1880) ; Venn, Symbolic Logic (ib., 1881); id., Principles of Empirical or Induetire Logic (ib.. 1889) ; Fowler, The Ele ments of Dcductirc Logic and The Elements of Inductive Logic (ib., 1869) ; .Jones, Elements of Logic as a Science of Proportions, (ib., 1890); Bain, Logic, Inductive and Deductive( ib., 1370) ; Bradley, The Principles of Logic (ib., 1883) ; Bosanquet, Logic (ib., 1888) ; id., The Essentials of Logic (ib., 1S95) ; Sidgwick, The Process of Argument (ib., 1893) ; Minto, Logic, Inductive and Deductive (New York, 1894) ; Hibben, In ductive Logic (ib., 1896) ; Hobhouse, The Theory of Knowledge (London, 1896) ; \Velton, ianual of Logic (ib., 1891.96) ; Hyslop, Elements of
Logic (New York, 1892) ; Creighton, An Intro duelory Logic (ib., 1898): Trendelenburg,r, Logische Untersuchungrn (Leipzig, 3a ed. 1870) ; .Sigwart, Logik (Freiburg; 2d ed. 1889-93; trans. by Denby, London, 18951: Lotze, der Philosophic, I. Thcil. Logik (Leipzig; 2d ed. 1880: trans. ed. by Rosa millet, Oxford, 1881) ; Schuppe, Erkenntnisstheorctische Logik (Bonn, 1878) ; \Vundt, Logik (Stuttgart, 2d ed. 1893 95) ; Erdmann, Logik (Halle, 1892) : Bergmann, Dic Grundprobleme der Logik (Berlin, 1895). LOGIER, 16'zhyfi', JonAN's BERNHARD (1777 18-t6). A German-English musician and inven tor, born at Cassel. Germany. He was of a musical family, and when, at ten years of age, he was taken to England he studied the flute and piano, and subsequently became flutist in the band of an Irish regiment. When it was dis banded he obtained the post of organist at West port, Ireland. He now invented the Adroplast,' an apparatus designed to help beginners to ac quire the correct position in playing the piano_ It consisted of two wooden ham parallel to the keyboard, and a pair of open gloves, and by means of this arrangement the wrists were kept elevated, and the fingers were obliged to strike vertically. The chiroplast was later simplified by Kalkbrenner. Both this contrivance and a new system of instruction, by which Logier had several pupils play at once on separate instru ments, aroused widespread interest and contro versy. Their inventor was quick to take advan tage of the notoriety and soon acquired a fortune. hi 1821 the Prussian Government invited him to Berlin to teach his system, and he remained there for three years. In 1826 he gave up teach ing and settled near Dublin. His compositions, largely for the piano, are unimportant, but his hooks, A Complete Introduction to the Keyed Bugle (an instrument he is said to have in vented) ; A IL Explanation. and Discussion of the Royal Patent Chiroplast, or Hand-Director for the Piano; and The First Companion to the Royal Patent Chiroplast, are rather interesting. The chiroplast, which Liszt condemned, has been abandoned by musicians, but the `Logier system' is still somewhat used.