BMUOGRAPHY. Lather's works in Latin and German are voluminous. In the most accessible edition, that of Erlangen, edited by J. G. Ploch mann and J. K. Irmischer, the Latin works till 38 volumes (1829-8(3), and the German 67 vol umes (1826-57). In 1883, under the editorship of J. C. F. Knaake, and patronized by the Ger man Emperor, began to appear at Weimar what aims to be the definitive edition of Luther's works. Critical and expensive, it will require many years for completion, as only some twenty volumes have appeared. general usefulness J. G. Walch's edition. published at Halle in 24 parts (1740-50), and carefully reprinted at Saint Louis, Mo. (1SSO seq.), by the Concordia Publish ing House, including six volumes of miscellaneous documents from different sources and of great interest, and ultimately to include the corre spondence, is to be commended to readers famil iar with German, as Luther's German has been modernized and his Latin translated. Only an exceptionally enthusiastic Luther student would care to read the innumerable sermons and volu minous commentaries which fill the greater part of these editions. Those who wish to enter more closely into his spirit should read his Table-talk (7'isehreden, vol. xxii. in the Saint Louis Walch edition; also in Bohn's Library, translated and edited by W. Hazlitt). All students will con sult his correspondence (Brirfu•rhsrl, ed. by de Wette and Seidemann, Berlin, 1S25-50, and, better, Nit Erbiatera»ge», by Dr. E. I,. Enders, Calw and Stuttgart. 1884 sqq., vo1. viii., to April, 1531). In English there is less of Luther in satisfactory form. The translation of his Select Works by Rev. Henry Cole ( London, 1,824 26) is practically inaccessible. Of greater in terest and accessible is his Commentary on Ga latians (New York, 1S7S) ; also his Commen Mr!, on the Sermon on the ilmint, well done by C. N. Hay (Philadelphia, 1803). Of primary importance, admirably translated by C. A. Buell
hcim and edited by II. Race, is First Principles of the Reformation, or the Ninety-lire Theses and the Three Primary Works ["Address to the Nobility of the German Nation." "Concerning Christian Liberty," and "On the Babylonish Cap tivity of the Church"] (London, 1SS3).
Biographies of Luther are numerous. Of special value are those in German by Julius Kfistlin (Elbe•feld, 1875; 411, ed., Berlin. 1889) ; Theodor Kolde (Gotha, ISS4-93) ; Martin Rade (Neusalza, 1887; new ed., Tfibingen, 1901) ; Ar nold E. Berger (Berlin, 1895-9S). Tn English there are the translation of KiIstlin's standard work (New York, 1883) ; the Life by Jules Mi chelet, based upon his correspondence, tr. from the French, in Bohn's series; by Peter Bayne (New York, 1887) ; by II. E. ,Taeobs (New York, ISOS), popular and accurate. Consult, also, Pficide•e•, "Luther and Protestant Civiliza tion," in his volume of essays on Erolution and Theology (Eng. trans. New York, 11100), and Seiss, Luther and the Reformation (Philadelphia, 1884).
For his theology separately considered. consult : Ha rna ek, Martin Lather in seiner Recleaning liir die der 1Vissenschaft and der Bildung (Giessen, ISS3; 3d ed. 1901) ; Kfistlin, Lathers Thcologie (Stuttgart, 2d ed., 1901 : Eng. trans., Philadelphia, 1.898) ; C. P. Krauth, The ro»se•ratire Reformation (Philadelphia, 1871). Of Roman Catholic writers on Luther, consult: Janssen, History of the German People (Saint Louis, 1900) ; Verres, Lather (London, 1884); also the English translation of Audin from the French (Philadelphia, 1841) ; also Walther's Lu ther inn ncuesten 6mischen Geeicht ( lin lle, 1883 S5). Of special importance from the Roman Catholic standpoint is Al. Evers. Luther, Lc Lens- and Charokterbild (Mainz, 1883-91).