On 12. 1732. he set omit on an exploration of Lapland. carrying his whole outfit on his back. The cost of the journey (S-;125 ), which covered upward of five thousand miles. was frayed by the Academy of Science, of l'psala. His botanical results were published in his Flora Lopponica. which appeared live years later. An account of this joarney is contained in the Lache sis La riaatica, which was translated in 1811 by J. E. Smith. the first president of 11w Linmean society of London. by whom :11...o the Linn:rail eol• leetions and library were purehased in I 7s3. tun his return from Lapland he made a journey through Dalecarlia at the invitation ot the Governor. While at Fahlum where he at tracted large numbers of people to some lectures. he met the woman who afterwards be came wife, Sara. the Ii.im.0.ter of Dr. under whose iv trona,..w went to the Netherlands to -t udy for his in medicine. This he received in 1835 at Harder wijk. It was in this year that Linn ens pub lished his Nysfcma Natror. it being vent to the press at the expense of Dr. Gronovins, who at once reeognized its value. This paper, the first edition of which consisted of eight folio -heck, raa through twelve editiovss at the same Iona being expanded.
Alter i c can C WOVE ti o patronage of John Cliff"rl• a bank' of dam, who had a garden at Hartecamp.
studies of Cliffort's plants appeared as the Hart us Cliffortianus. Linnaeus stayed in Hol land till 1739, and during his residence here wrote, besides the works mentioned above, his Pundamtala Bolonlea, Bibliot been Botanica (both 17:36 ), f Bolaniea, Genera Plantarum (bath 1737), and his Classes Plan torus (1738). Dur ing this time also his scientific and influential acquaintance and his reputation increased widely. so that, on prosecuting, a journey to France and England he received considerable though, in different places. unequal attention and recognition.
Returning again to the Netherlands he spent some time in the garden of Van ltoyen in Leyden. After his recovery from an illness through which he was tended by Cli•ort, he settled down to the practice of medicine at Stockholm, where, being comparatively unknown, he had little practice. Ile gained at length the appointment of Naval Physician (17:39). and was at this time enabled to marry. Ile was honored in Stockholm by the presidency of the Academy. In 1741 he was ap pointed professor of medicine in the University of Cpsala, at which time also Rosen was appointed to the chair of botany. During this year Lin nams made a scientific tour of Oland and Goth land, the scientific results of which were pub lished as "Onindska ach tIothliindska ltesa" in 1745. In this paper popular were first
used. In the year following_ 1742, Linnaeus and Rosen exchanged their offices to their mutual advantage and satisfaction, and this circum stance marks the beginning of his career as teach er and student which was free from care and uncertainty, and in Nvhieh he reaped the reward of his previous diligence and perseverance. Until 1778, a period of :37 years was spent in teaching, study, and writing. Students crowded to the university to hear hint; the many whom he won to the science of natural history went all over the earth in search of materials. and specimens poured into his hands from all quarters. His reputation became and world wide. Dur ing this time, in addition to the revised editions of his previously published works, he wrote the famous l'hilosophin Bola nica ( 1751 ), Flora Suffice (1745), Fonna Sneeica (17411), If art us Upsaliensis (174S). and the Species Plantaram (1753), in addition to other papers on Materia Aledica. His Philosophia Botaniea. and especially his Species Planlarum, have been truly regarded as epoch-making, as may be judged from the fact that in 102 the systematic botanists in conven tion at Rochester formally adopted the date of publieatiom of the Species Plan forum as the starting-point for modern nomen•latorial rulings. The Linnaran system is still widely used in the schools of Cermany. although superseded by more natural systems for general uses.
In 1761 he received the title of nobility, dated back to 1757, and was thereafter known as Carl von Limn-. In 1767, at the age of sixty. his re. markahle memory began to fail. From 1774 to the time of his death. on January 10. I775, he suffered greatly as the result of apoplexy. having had no use of his right side for two years before he filially succumbed. He was buried in the cathedral at Upsala.
It is impossible within the limits of a brief biographical sketch to do justice to this great man. for lie more than any other has influenced modern systematology. He was the first to use a binomial nomenclature, although his use of it did not correspond to the present method. With 1.11111;PIIS the specific name stood in the margin and had indexical value, while the generic stood at the head of the description. Ilis de scriptions were stripped of all unnecessary words, and under his skill became terse diagnostic state ments of pertinent characters. The system which consisted in the classification of plants, accord ing to the number of stamens and pistils, was avowedly artificial, but was used by Linnaeus to get order out of chaos.