LIEBER, FRANCIS I. A German American publicist. He was horn in B( din, March IS. I500. In 1815 Lieber enlisted in the Prussian Army, fought at Ligny and Waterloo, and in the attack on Namur was severely wound ed. After Napoleon's overthrow he studied in Berlin, and beemning imbued with liberal political ideas, was, in lS19, accused of plotting against the Government and imprisoned. The charges never came to trial. hut on his discharge he was forbidden to study at the Prussian universities. In 1820 he took his degree at Jena. On the out break of the Greek revolution in IS:21, he went to Greece to take part in the struggle. An ac count of his experiences is given in his -Journal in (1823). In 1822 he found his way to Rome, where lie became a tutor in the family of the historian Niebuhr. 'With him Lieber re turned to Berlin, and was rearrested on allega tions of disloyalty based on the old charges. After a short imprisonment at Kapenick, enliven ed by the composition of a number of poems, he was released through the efforts of his friend Nie buhr, and, wearied by this constant persecution, left his native country in 1825 forever. For a short time he resided as a teacher in London, and in he embarked for the New World. His first work, the editing of the Encycloprdia Anteri (line, was completed during his five years' resi dence in Boston (1827-32). The next two years were spent in Philadelphia, where he was inter ested in educational plans in connection with Gi rard College. In 1 S35 he removed to Columbia. S. C.. where he o••upied the position of professor of political economy in the South Carolina College for twenty years; and here he produced his most im portant works: A Ma»nal of Political Ethics (1S38); Lrgal and Political Hermeneutics (1539); and Ciril Liberty and Nelf-Go•ernment (1852). in his line of investigation Lieber stands second to none. Such writers and jurists
as Wittermaior. Bluntschli, Labonlaye, Story and Kent, recognized in him a kindred mind. The spirit of his work is indicated in his favorite motto. :Vuittn jus sine officio, annum offirinnt sine jure ("No right without its duties, no duty without its rights"). In 1856 Lieber was called to Columbia College, New York, to take the chair of political economy, and in 1800 accepted the chair of political science in the Co lumbia Law School, giving up his chair of economies. During the Civil War he served the Government by preparing, at the request of the War Department, a set of "Instructions for the Government of the Armies of the United States in the Field," which is regarded as an authority on the usages of civilized warfare, and forms the basis of a number of military codes today. It is known as "General Order No. 100," and is quoted often as authoritative. Lielwr a number of the French 'Institute and of nu merous other learned societies in Ameriea and Europe. Ile died in New 'cork. September 2. 1872. Among his voluminous minor writ ings the following are the most noteworthy: Reminiscences of Niebuhr: Laws of Proorrtil: Penal Laws and the Penitentiary System : Prison Discipline: Thr Origin and Derelopnunt of the First COnglii urn ts of Ci•ilization; and Great Errnts Described by Great Historians. His memoir was written by Perry. published in Bos ton. 1882, and a diseriminating estimate of his career was published by Thayer in 1873. Lieber': Miscellaneous Writings were collected by Gilman and published in two octavo volume., Philadel phia. 1881. His collection of books were sold to the University of California. and his manuscripts were deposited in the Johns University.