MACCULLOCH, JOHN ( 1773-1835). An eminent English geologist, born in Guernsey, of a Scottish family. Ile studied medicine in Edin burgh, and was appointed assistant surgeon to an artillery regiment. He became chemist to the Board of Ordnance in 1803. and for some time practiced medicine. In 1811. employed by the Government. lie devoted himself to a pioneer geo ' logical and mineralogical exploration of Scotland. The brilliant results of his labors appeared in A Description, of the Western Isles of Scotland (1819) ; further, in his Highlands and Western Isles of Scotland (1824), and the Geological Map of Scotland, with an explanatory volume (1836). His scientific work has well earned for him a conspicuous position in the history of British geology. He was chiefly- interested in petrography and mineralogy, and appears to have been irritated by the increasing prominence of paleontological geology.
McCULLOCH, JOHN RAM SEY ( 1789-1864). A British economist and statistician. He was educated at Edinburgh. with a view to fitting himself for the legal profession, and entered the office of a solicitor; but, finding the work dis tasteful to him, he devoted himself to the study of economics. His first publication. n Essay on a Reduction of the Interest of the National Debt. appeared in 1816. From 1817 to 1827 he contributed numerous articles on economics to the Scotsman, a periodical which had recently been founded in the interests of liberalism. In 1818 he began to write for the Edinburgh Re view, and far twenty years contributed almost all of the articles on economic subjects that appeared in that periodical. In 1824-25 ap peared his first important work, A Discourse on the Rise, Progress, Peculiar Objects and Im portance of Political Economy. In 1825 he published his Principles of Political Economy. In the following year he published an Essay on the Circumstances ichich Determine the Rate of Wages and the Condition of the Laboring Classes, a work which is of great importance in the of the 'Wage-Fund Theory.' In 1828 McCulloch was a ppointed to the chair of political economy in University College, Lon don, but he found the position unsatisfactory and resigned in 1832. In 1831 lie published a work on the Principles, Practice and History of Com merce, which had great influence in populariz ing the doctrines of free trade. The following year what is perhaps his greatest work appeared, A Dictionary, Practical, Theoretical and Histori cal, of Commerce and Commercial Navigation. In
183S he was appointed Comptroller of the Sta tionery Office, a position which lie held until his death. In 1845 appeared his Treatise on the Principles and Practical Influence of Taxation and the Funding System, a work once regarded as of great importance in the science of finance. He also edited a large number of pamphlets of early writers in economics, thus giving a great impulse to the study of the history of the science. Ile also published copiously annotated editions of Adam Smith and Ricardo. From the death of Ricardo until the rise of Mill to fame. McCulloch was the predominant personality of English eco nomics. His work was not always accurate, and never but he did more than any writer of his time to create a popular interest in eco nomics; by his dogmatism. however, and the harshness with which lie asserted the superiority of economic law to well-meant political institu tions. be aroused among more humanitarian thinkers an intense dislike for economic science. C'onsult biographical notice by Reid in the new edition (London, 1869) of McCulloch's Diction aril of Commerce and Commercial Varigation. Consult also the article "31eCulloch" in Pal: grave's Dictionary of Political Economy.
McCULLOUGH, JOHN EDWARD ( I S37-851. An American tragedian. born at makes. Londonderry, Ireland. Ile came to the United States from Ireland in 18'53, and first ap peared on the stage in a minor part at the Arch Street Theatre. Philadelphia. in 1857. In 1866 6g lie traveled with Edwin Forrest, whose meth ods he imitated. Forrest intended McCullough to be his dramatic successor, but any realization of this was made impossible by the latter's lack of originality and literary training. In 1881 McCul lough appeared for a month's run in the parts of Othello and Virginius, at Drury Lane, London. but failed to make a favorable impression on his English audiences. He took many notable roles, ineluding Lsertes, lago, Edgar. Maedull', Rich mond, Cominius (to Forrest's Coriolanus), Pyth-' ins; (to Forrest's Damon), Hamlet, Richelieu, Faleonbridge, Pierre (in Ot way's Venice Pre served), De Mauprat (to Edwin Booth's Riche lieu), Richmond (to Edwin Booth's Richard 11 I.), Spartaeus, Rolla (in Pizarro), and Lucius Brutus (in The Fall of Tarquin). Ilis chief part, however, was Virginius, in which, indeed, he was unrivaled during his time. His inter pretations were of the heroic type.