LEG'HORN (It. Livorno, :MI. Liburnum, Lat.. Portus Hcrculis Liburni, Portus Labronis). A city of Italy in Tuscany, on the Mediterranean, capital of the Province of Leghorn. 113 miles by rail southeast of Genoa, 208 miles northwest of Rome, 62 miles west of Florence (Slap: ltalv, E 4). In 1551 it had only 749 inhabitants; but now the only Italian cities surpassing or rivaling it commercially are Genoa and Naples. The city has broad, straight, well-paved streets, large public squares, and splendid boulevards. The main street, on which are all the principal shops, is the Via Vittorio Emanuele. running east from the harbor and crossing the broad Vittorio Emanuele Square, in Which is an equestrian sta tue of King Victor Emmanuel by Rivalta. In Garibaldi Square is a monument to the great patriot; in Carlo Alberto Square are colossal statues of Ferdinand 111. and Leopold II., the last Grand Dukes of Tuscany; in Cavour Square is a marble statue of the statesman; in Micheli Square a statue of Ferdinand L, Grand Duke of Tuscany. Besides the seven teenth-century cathedral there are twenty-three churches (among them Evangelical, English. Greek, Armenian, \Valdensian, Scottish), and a handsome synagogue founded in 15S1. The most interesting public building is the royal castle. There are several good hotels and a num her of sea-bathing establishments with and terraces. Leghorn's popularity as a bath ing resort is constantly growing, and during the season, from July 15th to September 15th, many of the villas along the shore to the south are occupied by English and Americans. Elec tric ears connect the railway station with the bathing establishments and with the suburban summer resorts of Ardenza and Antignano. The new race-track near Ardenza is one of the best in Italy. Slontenero, two and a half miles from Ardenza, is a resort for pilgrims, having an image of the Madonna much esteemed by sailors. The water-supply comes from the hills of Co lol.mole. thirteen miles and is stored in an immense reservoir. Educational institutions are the Royal Marine Academy. the Royal Com mercial Marine Institute. a lyceum. a gymna
sium, and a public library with 60.000 volumes. Charitable institutions are two pest-houses, a great hospital, founded in 1622, an asylum for foundlings, and an orphan asylum. Leghorn is the seat of a bishop, and of an American and other foreign consuls.
The inner harbor (Porto Vecchio or Medieeo) admits vessels of small draught only; the outer harbor (Porto Nuovo). added in 1854, is pro tected by a semicircular mole five-eighths of a mile long, with lighthouses at both ends. From them is to be had a comprehensive view of the city and of the islands of Elba, Gorgona, and Capraja. On a rocky island in the outer harbor is a lighthouse (Faro) erected in 1303. Numer ous canals intersect the town, and a ship canal connects the harbor with the Arno, which flows into the Mediterranean nine miles north. Leg horn has regular steamship communication with Genoa, Corsica. Malta, the Levant, Marseilles, and Hamburg. The tonnage of vessels entered in 1885 and 1900 was 1,434.000 and 1,839.954 re spectively. The principal exports are cotton, wool, and raw silk to the Levant ; other exports are olive oil, wine, candied fruit, borax and boracie acid. tartar, soap, hemp. hides, quick silver, furniture, and marble. The principal imports are grain and petroleum from Russia via the Black Sea: other imports are spirits, sugar, tobacco, cotton, wool, hides, and coal. The value of the exports and imports in 1900 was $9,700,000 and $16.000,000 respectively. The armored vessels of the Italian navy are built at the works of the Orlando Brothers. Among the manufactures are glass, porcelain, coral ornaments. and chemical products. There are iron-foundries. Population, in 1881 (commune), 97,615; in 1901, 98.321. Leghorn became im portant only after the decay of the neighboring city of Porto Risano, the harbor of which is now entirely filled up. It came into the possession of Florence in 1421, was fortified by Alessandro de' Medici, and was declared a free port (the first in the Mediterranean) by the Grand Duke Cosimo 1. Consult Vivoli, Annuli di Livorni (Leghorn, 4 vols., 1842).