LIPAN, A roving and predatoryAthapascan tribe formerly ranging chiefly in southeastern Texas, between the Nueces and the Rio Grande. as well as in the adjacent northern states of Mexico. They lived entirely by hunting, without any fixed habitation or territorial claim, in consequence of which the estimates of their numbers vary greatly. but they were estimated at 2600 in 1822 and 800 in 1816, the latter num ber being probably near the true figure. In 1847, in consequence of an encounter with Texas troops, they fled far up into Texas, where they joined forces with the kindred Alescalero and remained bitterly hostile for several years. About this time they were described as having many guns and being perhaps the bravest and most daring of all the native Texas tribes. In 1855 they were reported to have crossed the Rio Grande and settled in :Mexico under protection of that Government. There is no evidence that they ever returned as a tribe, although a few individuals, perhaps fifty in all, are living with the Mescalero. Kiowa-Apache. and Tonkawa in this country. hut the main body is supposed to he settled with other refugee Indians from the 'nited States, in the Santa Rosa Mountains of Coahuila, Northern :Mexico.
LIPARI, 1101-ri or Wp5-r6 (or .E0LIAN), ISLANDS. A group of small islands in the Mediterranean. immediately north of Sicily. be tween 14° 15' and 15° 15' east longitude (Slap: Italy. J 9). It consists of Lipari, the largest island. Salina. Vulcano, Filieuri. Stromboli, Panaria, and .\licuri. and a few islets. The total area is about 50 square miles. They are all of volcanic origin, and the islands of Stromboli and Vulcano still contain active vol canoes, Stromboli having been the scene of an eruption in 1902. The climate is mild and healthful. In spite of their volcanic nature, mountainous surface, and searcity of water. the islands are, as a rule, well cultivated. producing wine, currants, olives. figs, and other southern fruits. The island of Lipari yields large quanti ties of pumice-stone and contains hot springs. The group forms a part of the Sicilian Province of Messina. Population, in 1901, 20.455. The town of Lipari, on the eastern coast of the island of the same name, has a good harbor. Popula tion, in 1881, 4968. Consult Die lipurische Inseln (Prague, 1803 et seq.).