LOCKYER, loleyr, Sir JOSEPII NORMAN (1836-1. An English astronomer and physicist, horn at Rugby. He studied in England and on the Continent. In 1857 he was appointed clerk at the War Offiee,which position he retained for several years, devoting his leisure to the study of astronomy. In 1870 he was appointed secre tary of the Duke of Devonshire's commission on scientific instruction and the advancement of science, and in 1871 assistant commissioner. He was transferred to the Science and Art Depart ment at South Kenshm-ton in 1S75. From ISTO to 1900 he was the leader of the English Govern ment Eclipse Expeditions. On the foundation of the Royal College. he was appointed professor of astronomical physics and director of the Solar Physical Observatory at South Kensington. his contributions to the knowledge of the physical condition of the heavenly bodies are valuable. Ile also carried out spectroscopical researches on the chemistry of the sun, for which he was granted the Rumford medal by the Royal So ciety in 1874. He discovered. simultaneously with Dr. Janssen. the possibility of successful observations of the solar prominences in broad daylight by means of the spectroseope. llls name appears together with that of Dr. Janssen
on a medal struck by the French Government in 1872 in commemoration of the discovery. He also advanced the theory of the origin of cos mical systems, according to which the various orders of the heavenly bodies are alike composed of meteorites. The assumption that there exists a relation between the number of sun-spots and the rainfall on the earth is due to his investigations. Among his publications may be mentioned: the Earth's Chemistry Is A s It Is (180(1): Ele mentary Lessons in Astronomy (1868-9-1): Re port to the Committee on Solar Physics on the Basic Lines Common to Spots and (1880) : Questions on Astronomy (1870) ; Con tributions to Solar Physic's (1873): Star-aa:ing. rust and Present (1877 ) : Studies in Spectrum. A7utlysis 1878 The Mort-a/rat of the Earth ( 18S7 ) The Chemistry of the San ( ss7) Meteoritic Hypotheses (15901; The Dawn of Astronomy (1894) ; The Sun's Place in Nature (1897); Recent and. Common Eelips, 1897 1 ; Erolation (Don). He also made nu merous contributions to the Prorecd in gs of the Royal and the Royal Astronomical Societies.