LORRAINE, hYrFin'. The name of several States which have figured in mediceval and mod ern history, now the designation of a region mainly in France and partly in Germany. On the death of Lothair I. (q.v.), Roman Emperor and grandson of Charles the Great, in S55, his son Lothair IL inherited the region between the Rhine and the rivers Scheldt and Meuse, extend ing from the North Sea to the headwaters of the Satine. This country, which was erected into a kingdom, was called Lot harii Rcgunin, Kingdom of Lothair, whence Lotharingia, Lothringen, and Lorraine. It corresponded approximately to the earlier Austrasia (q.v.). In 870 the region was partitioned between the German and Charles the Bald (q.v.), King of the West Franks. and the name Lorraine blotted out from the map. In S95 Lorraine was reestablished by King Ar nulf for his son Zeventibold, and soon after it passed to Louis the Child, King of Germany. The kings of France attempted to annex the country, but the German kings succeeded in re taining possession of it. In 959 it was divided into two duchies, Lorraine and Lower Lor raine. The former centred around the Moselle. the latter around the 'Meuse. The two were separated by the forest of Ardennes. The duchies were united again in 1033. but divided perma nently in 104S. The most noted of the dukes of Lower Lorraine was Godfrey de Bouillon (q.v.). By the middle of the thirteenth century Lower Lorraine had come to be divided among the counts of Lonvain (later dukes of Brabant), the counts of Holland, Limburg, and Luxemburg. and
the bishops of Utrecht. After many vicissitudes, most of it passed under the sway of the dukes of Burgundy. Upper Lorraine, which contained Metz, Toil, Verdun, Treves, Nancy, etc., was styled Lorraine in the thirteenth century, as the dukes of Lower Lorraine called themselves dukes of Brabant. The dukes of Lorraine con tinued to rule down to the eighteenth century. The duchy was a member of the Germanic body, but had close relations with France. In 1730 it passed to Stanislas Leszczynski. ex-King of Poland, while its last independent duke, Francis Stephen, husband of Maria Theresa of Austria, received Tuscany in exchange. on the death of Stanislas in 1766 it was united to France. In 1552 France had seized and annexed the bishop rics of Toul, Metz, and Verdun. The name Lor raine was applied to an administrative division which included the former Duchy of Lorraine, the Duchy of Bar, the three bishoprics of Metz, Total, and Verdun, French Luxemburg, German Lorraine, and the Duchy of Bouillon. it was afterwards subdivided into the departments of Meuse, Moselle, Meurthe, and Vosges. By the Treaty of Frankfort, May 10, 1871. Franee ceded to Germany portions of the departments of Mo selle and Meurthe (German Lorraine and Metz). This district forms part of the Beielisland of Elsass-Lothringen. For the early history of Lor raine consult Comte d'Haussonville. La r('union de la Lorraine a la France (4 vols., 2d ed., Paris, ISO). See ALSACE-LORRAINE.