LOUIS PHILIPPE, fe'l(4)' ( 1773-1850 . King of the French from 1830 to 1848. Ile was the eldest son of Philippe, Duke of Or leans, and was born in Paris. October 6, 1773. He received at his birth the title of Duke of Va lois, and afterwards that of Duke of Chartres. His education was intrusted to the care of the celebrated Alme. de Geniis. On the outbreak of the Revolution he entered the National Guard, and became a member of the Club of Friends of the Constitution, afterwards that of the Jacobins. His father renounced his titles in 1792, and assumed the surname of Egalitil, and Louis Philippe followed his example. In the same year, as lieutenant-general, Louis Philippe took part in the battle of VaImy. He distinguished himself at Jemappes (November 6, 1792) : but his situation became very dangerous after the battle of Neerwinden (March iS, 1793), in which he suffered defeat with Dumouriez. He was in cluded in the order for arrest issued against Dumouriez, and in April, 1793, escaped with him into Austrian territory. lie sought in Swit zerland a place of security for his sister, Ade laide. wandered about among the mountains for four months, and accepted a situation as teacher of geography and mathematics in a school at Reichenau. near Clint• assuming the name of ('habaud-Latour. After the execution of his father, November, 1793, he traveled for some time in the north of Europe. was in the United States from 1796 to 1800, and then took up his residence at Twickenham. near London. with his two younger brothers, one of whom died in 1807 and the other in 1808. In 1809 he mar ried Marie Atralie, daughter of Ferdinand 1. of the Two Sicilies. in 1808 and again in 1810 he made abortive attempts to play a part in the Spanish War against Napoleon. On the fall of Napoleon 11e hastened to Paris, where he was received with distrust by Louis XVIII. After the second Restoration he recovered his great estates, which the Imperial Government had sequestrated. Disliked by the Court. he was very popular with the inhabitants of Paris. He kept aloof, however, from political intrigues. When the bloody days of the July Revolution had ended with the overthrow of the government of Charles X., the Chamber of Deputies, at the instance of the hanker Laflitte. appointed him Lieutenant-General and Regent of the Kingdom (July 30. 1830). A week later the two Chambers offered him the royal crown. which he formally accepted on .<111gust 9, 1.930. taking the oath to the reformed Constitution. He defended his eondn•t toward the elder Bourbons by protesting that he acted for the welfare of France. Louis Philippe sought to strengthen his throne by gaining the support of the Bourgeoisie, or middle classes, and repressed all the extreme parties by what became known as the juste.milieu policy. The brief Ministry of Laffitte (1830-31) was succeeded by that of Casimir-POrier (1831-32), on whose death Marshal SonIt formed a coalition :Ministry, with Thiers and Guizot as the leading spirits. Among the events which marked the early years of the reign of Louis Philippe were the abolition of the hereditary peerage (1831); the armed intervention in behalf of Belgium; the insurrec tions of workingmen in Lyons. Paris, and else where: the attempt of the Duchess of Berry to excite a revolution in behalf of her son. the Duke
of Bordeaux (1832) : and the appearance of Abd el-Nader as the leader in the struggle against the French in Algeria. In 183(i, and again in 1810, Louis Napoleon made abortive attempts to excite military insurrections in his favor. After various Ministerial changes the Swill hfizot Cabinet was installed in IS III, Cuizot, who held the portfolio of Foreign Affairs, being its virtual head. In NU the work of eon verting Paris into what was expected to be an impregnable fortress was begun. III 1842 the Duke of (»deans, the heir to the crown, met with aecidental death—a loss which was deeply deplored by the nation. The foreign policy of Louis Philippe, which was in general that of peace, aroused great dissatisfaction among the people, who atter 1840 were swept away by a revival of Napoleonic sentiment. late(' by the removal of the great Emperor's bones from Saint Helena and their interment at the hivalides. The conquest of Algeria, aceom plished during this reign, could not counterbal ance the weakness of the French in the East, where France refused to join the Pow ers in their repression of Mehommt Ali in ISM. The extreme democrats hated the King, and fre quent attempts were made on his life, the most notable of which was that of Mese,» in 1835. The country prospered under Louis Philippe's Government: but the scandals which were brought to light in the administration. the shameles5 corruption in the electoral system, and the sel fish] course pursued by the King. alienated the affections of the people. (See FRANCS.:) A de mand for reform in the electoral system became loud and general. and was unwisely opposed by the King and the Guizot (1.v.) Ministry: while the conduct of the former in the matter of the marriages of the Queen of Spain and her sister, manifesting a disregard of every consideration but the interests of his own family, excited a strong feeling of indignation throughout Europe. The French nation became much excited; form banquets' began to be held; the Govern ment attempted to prevent them by force: insur rectionary disturbances ensued in the streets of Paris on February 22„ 184S; and on the follow ing day the 'Citizen King' saw with alarm that the National Guard could not he expected to support him. The retirement of (till/Alt failed to paeify the people. (in 24th the King abdicated in favor of his grandson. the Count of Paris; but the Chamber of Deputies refused to acknowledge the boy as King. Louis Philippe. deserted by his courtiers, lied to the coast of Normandy with his Queen. concealed Himself for sonic days. and at length foul] I op port y of escaping in a British stl a mhoot to Newhaven, tinder the name of •Nlr. smith.' The brief remainder of his life was spent in England. lle died at Claremont. Augnst 26. l's.")0. Ile was a man of ability and accomplishments: but. with all his denmeratie ideals. he never brought his Government into hearty sympathy with time peo ple. Consult 11 illehrand. e:f sehieh fr Era rejcbs (110thn 1877-791 excel hmt. monarchical. begins 1830. interrupted by the author's death ; Thurean-Dangin. Hisioirc de In mo narchic de t 1887.92), very mo narebica 1 in tune: Montalivet, Lc roi Louis-Phi lippe (ib., 1831). See JULY REVOLUTION.