LOUIS XVI. (1754-93). King of France from 1774 to 1792. He was the third son of the Dauphin Louis, only son of Louis XV., and was born at Versailles, August 23. 1754. By the death of his father and his elder brothers he became Dauphin (1765). He was a lover of hunting and manly exercises, showed an aptitude fur mathematics and mechanics, and in the midst of the most corrupt of courts, he grew up temper ate. honest, and moral: but he was a weak and incapable ruler. He was married May 16, 1770. to Marie Antoinette, the youngest daughter of the Empress Maria Theresa. When Louis as cended the throne, misery and discontent pre vailed throughout France. He lacked the vigor and judgment necessary for the circumstances, but was conscious of his own weakness. He made Maurepas, an old courtier. his Prime Minister: hut among his ministers were Malesherbes, Tar got, and other men of known patriotism; and his accession was signalized by the remission of some of the odious taxes. the abolition of the relics of serfdom and of the torture in judicial investi gations, a reduction of the expenditure of the Court, and the foundation of institutions for the benefit of the working classes. He was, for a time. popular; but deep-reaching reforms were rendered impossible by the opposition of the Court. headed by the pleasure-loving Marie An toinette. Turgot resigned in 1776. In June. 1777. when the state of the finances seemed near ly desperate, Necker (q.v.) was called to the office of Comptroller-General, and succeeded in bringing them to a more tolerable condition. without any very radical change; but after the interference of France in the American War of Independence, he was obliged to propose the tax ation of the privileged classes. hitherto exempted. Their resistance compelled him to re-sign. and .Jolt' de Fleury succeeded him; but the general discontent induced the King. in 1783. to ap point as Comptroller-General Catonne (q.v.) , who found money for a time by borrowing. much to the satisfaction of the courtiers. But the in dignation of the people increasing. Calonne found it necessary to recommend the convening of an Assembly of Notables (q.v.). On May 1, 1787. the Archbishop LonOnie de Brienne became Finance Minister. He obtained from the Notables some concessions and some new taxes. But the Parlement of Paris refused to register the edicts of taxation, as oppressive to the people; and the extravagance of the Court and the Queen began to lie freely spoken of. The convening of the States-General was demanded from every corner of France. The King registered the edicts in a lit de justice, and banished the councilors of the Parlement to Troyes. but ere long found it necessary to recall them, and met an even stronger opposition than before. Recognizing time hopelessness of reform. Brienne was com pelled to resign, and Necker again became Min ister in August. 1788. An assembly of the Es tates of the Kingdom was resolved upon, and by the advice of Necker, who wished a counter poise to the influence of the nobility, clergy. and Court, the Third Estate was called in double number. The subsequent history of Louis XVI. is inseparably connected with the events of the first four years of the French Revolution (q.v.). His total lack of purpose at a time of crisis when decision was imperative proved his ruin.
He wavered between the cause of the Revolution and the counsels of the Royalists and succeeded in losing the confidence of both parties. In fluenced by the resolute attitude of the Third Estate. he ordered the nobility and the clergy to join the former in the National Assembly; yet this was followed, on July 11, 1789, by the dismissal of Necker, whom, however, popular in dignation compelled the King to recall. On October 5th a Parisian mob, composed mostly of women, incited by the rumor of Royalist plot tings, marched upon Versailles and on the fol lowing day brought the royal family to Paris, where theymade their home in the Tuileries. With the death of Miraheau (q.v.) the last chance of reconciliation between the monarchy and the National Assembly disappeared, and on the night of June 20-21. 1791. the royal family made their unfortunate attempt to escape to time east ern frontier, where Bouilli; (q.v.), commander of the troops at Metz, a Royalist in sympathies, was prepared to lend them succor. At Sainte Menehould the King and his family were recog nized by Drouel. the son of the postmaster. who pursued them into Varennes, where he raised an alarm and caused the fugitives to be seized. The King returned to Paris. and from that day his fall was inevitable, the flight to Varennes having served to confirm the general reports concern ing the King's negotiations with the foreign Powers for the overthrow of the newly conquered liberties of the nation. On September 14. 1791. he took the oath to the new Constitution. but his deposition had already been decided on by the party of the Gironde. On June 20. 1792. an organized mob invaded the Tuileries. forced the King to don the liberty cap, and departed after heaping insults on the unhappy Marie Antoinette. On August 10th a still more formidable mob stormed the Tuileries. massacred the Swiss Guard (q.v.). and compelled the royal family to seek refuge in the hall of the Assembly. The King was suspended from his functions and sent a prisoner to the Temple. The Convention whieh met on September 21st immediately proclaimed France a republic. and in December the deposed King was brought to trial before time Convention on charges of treason. The King defended him self with dignity. hut neither his own words nor the eloquence of his counsel (Malesberbes. Due de Sizes) could avail against the evident deter mination of the Mountain to bring about his death. The King was found guilty, and on January 16, 1793. was condemned to death, by 361 to 360. The Girondists wbo were opposed to the extreme penalty were forced to vote for death out of fear of the Mountain. On January 21st Louis was guillotined on the Place de In Ilolvolution. protesting his innocence and praying for the welfare of his people. Louis XVT. had two sons, of whom the elder died in 1789. the other becoming Dauphin (see Louis XVT1.), and a daughter. Madame Royale. known as the Duchess of Angouli•ue. Consult: Bouvet, Ilistoire de Louis X1'1. (Paris. 1825) Droz, Histoirc du refine de Louis xri. (ib.. 1818); Falloux, Louis ..11"1. (4tb ed., ib,, 1860) : Jo bez. La France 8014 9 Louis X111. (ib.. 1877-93) ; Beaucourt. Captirite et derniers moments de Louis 17. (lb.. 1892) Courian, Louis X17, et la Revolution (ib., 1893). See FRANCE ; FRENCH REVOLUTION.