LUBBOCK, Sir JOHN WILLIAM (1803-65). An English astronomer, born at Westminster. He 'received his education at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated in 1825. He devoted himself to astronomical research, and contributed many papers to the Proceedings of the Royal Astronomical Society and Royal Soci ety. of which he became member in 1828, and 1829. respectively. He aided in the establishment of the British Almanac (1S27). His investiga tions on the tides were rewarded with a medal by the Royal Society in 1834. He gave a uniform method for the ealcula lion of cometary and planetary orbits, and proved, in a more general way than Laplace, the stability of the solar sys tem. lie contributed also to the lunar theory and reduced the tabular errors of the moon. Ife applied the theory of probability to eonnected with life insurance. Besides his con tributions to the PhilosophIcal Transactions, his most important works are: .4 a Elementary Treatise on the Computation of Eclipses and occultations (1s35); On the Theory of the Moon.
and the Perturbations of the Planets (1533-61); Remarks on the classification of the. Different Branches of Raman Knowledge (1s:3S); An Ele mentary Treatise on the Tides (1839).
LiiBECK, ltebCk. A German principality, be longing to the Duchy of Hdenburg, bounded by Holstein. Liibeck Bay (an inlet of the Baltic), and the free State of Liibeck. Area, 330 square miles. It is a hilly region, well watered and wooded. and for the most part fertile. It has a council of eleven members, and is represented in the Land tag of Oldenburg. Population. in 1899, 34,718; in 1900, 37,340. Formally recognized as a Prot estant bishopric by the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, Ltibeek was secularized in 1803, and became a part of Oldenburg in 1823. Eutin, the seat of government of the principality, is an interesting old town of about 5000 inhabitants, and is known as the birthplace of Weber.