LUD'DITES (said to he named from Ned Lud, an imbecile who in a. fit of rage broke two stock ing-frames). The name first assumed in 1811 by bands of English workmen organized for the destruction of machinery The risings were due in part to a general indus trial depression, and in part to the want of em ployment caused by the displacement of hand labor through the introduction of machinery. At Nottingham the Luddites first made their ap pearanee. From Nottingham, between the au tumn of 1811 and the summer of 1812, the riots spread to the counties of Derby and Leicester, and to Cheshire, Lancashire, and Yorkshire. They were met by the enactment of harsh penal laws. It was made a capital crime to destroy any sort of machinery used in factories, and in 1812 seven teen men were hanged together in York. Owing to the failure of the harvests and to the economic depression following the close of the Napoleonic wars, in 1816 the riots broke out again on a much larger scale, and eventually spread over nearly the whole Kingdom. Consult: Peel, The Risings of the Luddites, Chartists. and Plug Drawers (2d ed., London, 1888) ; Pellew, Life of Henry Addington, risco-nut Sidmouth, vol. iii. (London, 1847).
LtDEMANN, luide-man, HERMANN' (1842 —). A German Protestant theologian, born at Kiel (Prussia). After study (1861-67) at Kiel, Heidelberg, and Berlin, he was appointed a lec turer at the first-named university in 1872, and a professor of New Testament exegesis in 1878. In 1884 he became professor of Church history at Bern, where later he received appointment to the chair of systematic theology and the history of philosophy in the theological faculty. His posi tion became in general that of the Jena school, critical and liberal in both instruction and pub lications, which latter include: Die Anthropologic des Apostel Paulus (1872); Die Eidbriiehigkeit anserer neukirehliehen- Geistliehen (1881; 3d ed. 1884) ; and Die IICUCIT Entleieklung der proles tantischen Thcologie (1884).
LUDEN, 1(idert, HEINRICH (1778-1847). A German historian. He was born in Loxstedt; was educated at GiItting,en, and from 1806 till Iris death was professor of history at Jena. His writings include: the Allgemeine Gesehiehte der Volker and Staaten des Altertums (1814); All gemeine Orsehichte der Volker and Staaten des (1821-22) ; and Die Gesehichte des deutschen balks (12 vols., 1825-37), his most im portant work.
LtIDENSCHEID, Iv/den-shit. An industrial town of Prussia, in Westphalia, in a mountain ous district, 33 miles northeast of Cologne (Map: Prussia B 3). It manufactures cutlery, articles of German silver and other alloys, and musical instruments. Its iron-foundries. machine-shops, and cotton-mills also give employment to many workers. Population, in 1890, 19,457; in 1900, 25,520.
LtDERITZ, FRANZ ADOLF EDUARD (1834-86). A German merchant and founder of the first German colony in Southwest Africa. He was born in Bremen, where his father was a tobacco merchant; traveled in America from 1854 till 1859, and after his father's death in 187S succeeded to the management of the business. In 1881 he established a factory at Lagos, and in 1883 he acquired Angra Pequelia, which the next year was placed under German protection. lie was drowned in the Orange River in October, 1886.
EtiDERS, Ikedirs, ALEXANDER Count (1790-1874). A Russian general, born in the I;overnment of Podolia. lie entered the army when he was a boy. and for tifty yealTs. (1805-.561 served actively, participating in a hundred bat tles. He particularly distinguished himself in 1812, in 1831 at the capture of Warsaw, in the Caucasus (1844), at the defeat of the Hungarians near Schiis•burg (1849), and in the Crimean War. Appointed Governor of Poland in 1861, he was recalled after a year of severe rule, and was hon ored by the Czar with the title of Count.