LUXEMBURG. The capital of the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, picturesquely situated on the .Alsette, 42 miles north of Metz by rail (Map: Belgium, E 5). The city consists of two parts. the Oberstadt, or upper town, crowning a rocky height, 200 feet above the Unterstiidte. or lower town, which lies in the eneireling ravine, the two parts communicating by flights of steps and winding streets. Lofty viaducts span the valley and connect the Oberstadt with the sur rounding country. Public gardens occupy the site of the fortifications constructed under the direc tion of Vauban, after the plans of a Spanish engineer, wbieh gained for Luxemburg the ap pellation of 'the Northern Gibraltar,' and which were dismantled in 1S72. A few remains of these works include the Spanish towers and the tun neled headland of Le Bouc, which commands an extensive view. The fine Gothic Cathedral of Notre Dame. the Pa lais du Rol. dating from I5S0, restored. and now the grand ducal residence, the
town hall with a choice collection of paintings, the barracks containing the museum of antiqui ties, and the home for the aged. are among the chief public buildings. The educational institu tions include a theological seminary. atheneum, and public library. The industrial establishments, comprising cotton and linen mills, tanneries, breweries. dyeworks. etc., are situated in the Unterstiidte. An active general trade is carried on. The city had it- origin in the ancient Castle of Lfitzelburg.. a name which was afterwards changed to Luxemburg. The place was a for tress of the Germanic Confederation (1815-Gfi), and was garrisoned by Prussian troops. who re tired in ISO; after the demolition of the forti fications and the neutrality of Luxemburg had been decided by the Treaty of London. Popula tion. in 1895. 19.909: in 1900, 20.29.3.