MACDOUGAL, milk-dgal, Sir PATRICK LEONARD (1819-94). A British soldier and mili tary writer, born at Boulogne-sur-Mer, France. He studied at the Military Academy in Edin burgh, and later at the Royal Military College at Sandhurst. In 1844 he went to Canada as cap tain in the Royal Canadian Rifle Regiment, and remained there ten years. rising to the rank of nrevot lieutenant-colonel before lie was recalled to England in 1854. The next year he was sent to the Crimea, where lie was promoted and deco rated for his services. In 1865 he was appointed adjutant-general of Canadian militia, and at the time of the Fenian invasion (1866) devised a very efficient method of organizing his troops. lie returned to England in 1869, but in 1878 was again sent to Canada as commander of the British forces, and during a time of tension be tween Creat Britain and Russia, offered to raise 10,000 disciplined Canadian volunteers, thus es tablishing a precedent of colonial military aid in the quarrels of the Empire. Ile returned to Eng land in 1883 and two years afterwards retired from active service with the rank of general. Ms writings include: The Theory of liar (2d ed. 1858) ; The Defense of the Canadian Lakes and Its Influence on the General Defence of Canada (1862) ; and Emigration: Its Advantages to Great Britein and Her Colonies (18418).
loteDOUGALL, ALEXANDER ( 1731-86 ) . An American patriot and soldier. He was born in Scotland, but emigrated with his father to New York in 1755. He served in the French and Indian War as a captain of privateering vessels, and later became a prosperous merchant. Mc Dougall was an ardent opponent of the Crown, and for writing an address called A Son of Lib erty to the Betrayed Inhabitants of the Colony he was imprisoned for several months. In 1774 he presided over the meeting that prepared the way for the election of delegates for New York to the First Continental Congress. He became colonel of the First New York Regiment in 1775, brigadier-general in the Continental Army in 1776, and major-oenerai in 1777, and fought at Long Island, White Plains, Germantown, and elsewhere. In 1781 and again in 1784 he was chosen a member of the Continental Congress. At the time of his death he was a member of the New York Senate.
MacDOUGALL, WILLIAm (1822— ). A Cana dian statesman. born in Toronto. He studied at Victoria College, Cobonrg, and was in 1847 admit ted to the bar. In 1848 he founded the Canada
Farmer, and in MO the North American. After the American was absorbed into the Toronto Daily Globe, he continued to write for the latter until 1870. From ISO to 1804 he was a member of the Executive Council and a commissioner of the Crownlands, from 1804 to 1869 Provincial Sec retary, and from 1866 to 1867 acting Minister of Marine. He became Minister of Public Works In 1867, and in 1869 Lientenant-Go•ernor of Rupert's Land, Northwest Territories. In 1805 and 1866 lie was chairman of a commission for opening trade relations with Mexico, Brazil, and the West Indies, and in 1873 went to London as special fisheries commissioner. lie published Six Letters on the Amendment of the Provincial Con stitution (1872).
MacDOW'ELL, EDWARD ALEXANDER ( 18111— ) . An American composer. lie was horn in New York City, where he studied music with J. Bnitrago, 1'. Desvernine, and Teresa Carrefio. For three years (1876-79) he was a pupil at the Paris Conservatory, and subsequently continued his studies at Frankfort-on-the-Main under Reymann and Raff. He had specialized in the pianoforte and composition. and in 1881 became head of the pianoforte department at the Darmstadt Conser vatory. In 1884 he resigned his position and moved to Wiesbaden, returning four years later to the United States. In 1896 be was appointed professor of music at Columbia University. He was director of the Mendelssohn Glee Club of New York (1896-98) , and president of the kineri can Society of Musicians (1897-08). As a con cert pianist MaeDowell is well known. his playing being marked by virility and earefulness of in terpretation. It is for his eompositions, how ever, that he is most universally esteemed. They include concertos, sonatas. symphonies. songs, and many charming pianoforte pieees. Of the latter "Woodland Sketches," "Forest Idylls," and "Marionettes" are especially admirable. For full orchestra may be mentioned the symphonic poem "Lancelot and Elaine," the "October" Suite, and the "Indian" Suite, the latter constructed on themes taken from the music of the Sioux In dians. 'His nork is representative of the modern romantic school in the United States, which, while retaining the classic forms, adds to them a strong individuality of treatment.