MACKINAW TROUT. Ste NA McKIN'LEY, Wtm.i.km (1843-1901). The twenty-fifth President of the United States. horn at Niles, Ghio, January 29, 1843, of S•otch-Irish ancestry. Ili, great-grandfather, David Mc Kinley, a soldier of the Revolution, was a resi dent of York County. Pa., and removed thence to Ohio, where. in 1829. his grandson William married Nancy Allison. From this marriage came nine children, the seventh of Nvhom, the subject of this sketch, was early engaged, as had been his father and grandfather before him. in the iron industry. He secured, however. a partial education at the Poland Academy, and later en ter•d Allegheny College, at Meadville. Pa.. al though lie soon withdrew and engaged in teach ing school. He was thus occupied at the out break of the Civil War, and early enlisted, being mustered into the Twenty-third (tido Volunteers on June 11, 1861. The colonel of the regiment was William S. Rosecrans, and its lieutenant colonel Stanley Matthews, while Rutherford B. Hayes later served as colonel, the regiment becoming especially conspicuous aid hieing en gaged in some nineteen battles during the war, first serving under General McClellan in west ern Virginia. At the close of his first winter's service McKinley was made commissary-sergeant and was soon attached to the staff of Colonel Hayes. After the spring of 1862 the regiment was transferred to Washington, and later took an active share in the battles of South Mountain and Antietam. McKinley especially distinguished himself at Antietam, when, at great personal risk, he carried a supply of food from the rear to the soldiers at the front. For this gallantry lie was recommended for promotion by Colonel Hayes, and mider date of September 23, 1862. was made second lieutenant, and on February 7. 1863, was commissioned first lieutenant. McKin ley continued with his regiment throughout the war, serving as an aide both to General Hancock and to General Crook, repeatedly rendering etfec tiie services. and gaining partieular prominence by hi: work at Gpequan Creek. hill. and Cedar Creek, for which he was brevetted major on March 13, 1865. Ile had already. on July 25. Iti64. been commissioned captain, hut the brevet title was that by which he was commonly known in later life.
Major McKinley was mustered out of the vol unteer service on July 25. 1865. and immediately took up the study of law in the office of Judge completing his preparation by a coarse at the Albany Law School. Being admitted to the bar in 1867, lie established himself at Canton. Ohio, his home for the remainder of his life, and although Stark County was Demoeratie, lie. a Republican, was elected its prosecuting attorney in 1869. In 1875, when the Ilepublican candidate for Governor was Colonel (laves, McKinley took an active part in the campaign. Ile was himself elected to Congress in the year following, and served in the Lower House for seven consecutive terms. In his first term. in connection with the ood Tariff Bill, he upheld the protectionist although his early views on the subject have been considered as less positive than those which he expressed in his later years. Not only upon that subject did the development of his views seem to some to show inconsistencies, but also with reference to financial questions was there an even more marked change, inasmuch as he stood with the Western wing of his party in favor of the remonetization of silver, and voted for the Bland-Allison Bill, even against the veto of President Hayes. When Garfield was trans ferred to the Senate, McKinley succeeded him as a member of the Ways and Means Committee of the Ilouse. In the same term he spoke vigorously against the repeal of the Federal Election Law', and his speech on the subject was used as a cam paign document in 1SSO. In that campaign he served as a member of the Republican National Committee, was chairman of the Ohio State Con vention, and was himself reelected to Congress. In the next national campaign also he took an active part, drafting the tariff plank in the Republican platform. In the succeeding adminis tration he became a leader in opposition to the Mills Bill and to President Cleveland's plan of tariff reform. Again in the campaign of 1888 he prepared the tariff plank of the Republican plat fo•m, being chairman of the Committee on Reso lutions. He was one of the managers of the campaign of John Sherman, although at one time it seemed that the convention would be turned to himself. He prevented that contingency, how ever, by a vigorous speech. By this time he was recognized as a distinctively national leader, and although Thomas B. Reed secured the Speakership of the House, McKinley was made chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means, and in that position framed and carried through Congress the highly protectionist tariff wide]] bears his name. (See TARIFF.) In the election of 1590 lie was defeated. Ending his Congressional service in 1891. he was in the same year elected Governor of Ohio by a plurality of more than 21.000 over Campbell. who in ISM) had carried the State by 11,000, and the success was emphasized in 1893. when McKinley was reelected by about 81.000 plurality. The four years of his service as Governor were marked by the estab lishment of a State Board of Arbitration, by improvement in the organization of the National Guard, and by other evidences of effective admin istration. Ilis first term, however, was disturbed by serious enffinrrassinent in Ids personal finances, from which he was relieved by the as sistance of a number of friends, chiefly friends whose political relations with the Governor seemed at times to make the relief more prolific of criticism than insolvency would have been. His second term was marked by the activ ity of the corporate interests, particularly of the promoters and backers of street railways, and the Governor's connection with legislation on these matters was such as to provoke much hostile comment. His policy with reference to the charitable institutions of the State also was such as to give his opponents opportunity for severe criticism. although in general his admin istrations were such as to enhance his reputation outside of his State and to mark him still more plainly as a national leader, He was thus the natural and the leading candidate before the Saint Louis Convention in 1896. where on the first ballot he received 661 IA votes. Coming out now strongly for the gold standard, in accord ance with his party's platform, he quieted the fears aroused by his earlier course and even by his support of the Sherman Bill so late as 1890, and took a vigorous lead in the work against the free-silver campaign of Bryan. His personal
campaign was unusual in that he remained at Canton throughout, making, however, some 300 speeches from his own porch and there address ing in the aggregate probably a million persons. Although he received in the popular vote a plu rality of only about 600,000 votes in a total of more than 14,000„000 votes, he nevertheless re ceived 27] electoral votes as against 176 cast for Bryan. Garret A. 'Hobart was elected Viee President. :McKinley's first administration was characterized particularly by the events and poli cies incident to the acquisition of extensive colo nial possessions. The war with Spain. precipitat ed by the conditions in Cuba, resulted through the treaty of December 10, MOS, in the annexation of Porto Rico, of the Philippine Islands, and of Guam, upon the payment to Spain of $20,000,000, and resulted also in the termination of Spanish sovereignty in Cuba. For the remainder of McKinley's service as President, the efforts of the Administration were directed to the organiza tion and maintenance of proper local administra tion throughout Cuba, to the general improve ment of the material and social condition of the people, and to the preparation of the inhabitants for the conduct of a general republican form of government, which was to be instituted under the direction of the President's successor. Equally without precedent in our history were the exi gencies presented in the problem of administering colonial dependencies. a problem which in the early years was made still more difficult by the protracted warfare carried on by portions of the Philippine population. Through the efficiency of the administrators selected by the President, and especially through the effective work of the commission headed by Judge William II. Taft, the close of McKinley's first administration saw the greater portion of the newly acquired islands in a condition of peace and with an orderly administration of government, in whieh the natives shared, and with most of the attendant circumstances such as to justify the claim that the assumption of the duties of colonial admin istration had been successfully effected. By this development. however, many new problems, both of politics and of jurisprudence, were presented, and in such a manner as to make impressive the fact that under McKinley the nation had entered upon what in various respects seemed to be a new' course of development. Furthermore, during his administration, in August. 1898. Hawaii finally became a part of the United States, and two years later received a Terri torial Government, with the right to a delegate in Congress. At the close of 1899 negotia tions were concluded by which the tripartite con trol of Samoa (q.v.) was terminated, and the United States secured control of Tutuila with the harbor of Pago-Pago. A number of reci procity treaties were concluded, so that from many points of view the Administration seemed engaged in an expansion of influence and of ter ritory through the methods of peace as well as through those of war. As the representative of these lines of policy, and as the one through whom especially these policies had been carried to a successful issue, McKinley gained a posi tion of unusual prestige and was looked upon as embodying the successes which under his lead the people had achieved. In 1900 he was again nominated, and received 292 electoral votes, while Bryan, again his competitor. received only 155. Theodore Roosevelt was elected Vice-President. The mass of people came to regard McKinley with an esteem and a confidence rarely shown for so long a period to any public leader. He had in a high degree the ability to foresee the trend of public thought and so to shape his course as to render certain the public approval. Being able to ignore petty controversies, having a fine sense of relative proprieties, and being a man of de votion to high principles, lie was regarded as preeminently a good man, while the events of his administration made it natural that Ise should be regarded by many as one of the few great Presidents. His untiring devotion to his invalid wife, Ida Saxton, whom he had married in 1871, and who survived him, aroused the admiration of the whole nation. In the full swing of triumph following his second inauguration and incident to a general recognition of the success of his work in the new possessions, the President was stricken by an assassin, Czolgosz (q.v.). while holding a public reception at the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo, on September 6. 190]. On the day preceding the President had delivered an address on reciprocity, and just as he was pro posing a policy which might have made his second administration fully as momentous as had been his first, his service was ended in an instant. The surgeons who were summoned operated almost im mediately upon the wounded man, and thus made possible the fight for life which was then carried on, and at times with every prospect of success, until finally, on September 14th, the President passed away. With hope already restored, the actual end came so suddenly as to make a most profound impression both in this country and abroad, and the day of the burial was observed throughout the nation with unusual indications of grief and of deep sorrow. The interment was at Canton, where an appropriate monument is to be erected through general subscriptions. No adequate biography has been published. For a review of the public affairs during 3IcKinley's Presidency, see the article on UNITED STATES.
MeKINLEY, MorxT (called by the Russians Bolshayn, and by the Shushittta Indians Traley ka). The highest peak of North America. It is situated in South Central Alaska between the sources of the Nuskokwitii and the Shushitna rivers, 150 miles north of the head of Cook Inlet (Map: Alaska. F 31. It is covered with snow and surrounded by glaciers, and towers from the rough and saw-toothed ridge of the Alaska Mountains to the height of 20.464 feet above the sea.
MeKIN'NEY. A city and the county-seat of Collin County. Texas, 31 miles north by east of Dallas; on the Houston and Texas Central and the Missouri, Kansas and Texas railroads (Map: Texas, F 3). It has the McKinney Collegiate Institute, and a courthouse that cost $100,000. McKinney is surrounded by a pro ductive farming section. and enjoys a consider able trade; its industrial establishments include cotton gins and compresses, cottonseed oil mills, flour mills, carriage shop.., etc. The city owns and operates the water-works. Population, in 1890, 2489; in 1900, 4342.