MAGISTRATE (OF., Fr. tnaoistrat. from Lat. niagistratus, magistrate, magister, master; connected with magnus, Gk. ahas, mcgas, Skt.
It will be observed that the diagonals are al ready magic, since each equals the constant sum 2 – (no +1). It' therefore only becomes necessary to arrange the rows and the columns to meet the definition. In the rows. the sum of the numbers ill the kth from the top + 1) — (a — 2k +1), and the sum in the kth from the bottom is + n2 1) + (n — 2k + 1). Furthermore, the number in each cell of the kth row from the top is less than the number in the corresponding cell in the kth from the bottom by n (n— 2k + 1). Hence, if in these two rows we make interchanges of the numbers in corresponding cells, we increase the numbers in the kth row front the top. and crease those in the kth from the bottom, by 2k + 1), and therefore make each of these rows magic. But in doing this it is, of course, necessary to leave the smu of the diag onals unchanged. It next becomes necessary to consider the columns. The procedure here is much the same as in the case of the rows. The sum of the numbers in the kth column from the left was originally equal to 2 + 1) — 2 (a —2k + 1), while in the kth column from the right it was +1) + 2 (a —2k + 1).
' The number in each cell of the kth column from the left was originally less than the cor•espond ing number of the kth column from the right by 91-2k + I. Hence ; interchanges are necessary as before, care being taken as to the diagonals. I The difficulty comes in making the double inter change without disturbing the sums of the diag onals, but it can lie shown that this interchange is always possible if n > 2. Starting with the initial square, the changes for a 4' square are shown as follows: mahant, AS, mica, 01W. mihhil, great). In its broadest sense a person clothed with power as a public officer. Blackstone employs it in this sense. Stating that the supreme magistracy was divided between King and Parliament, and dis cussing the powers of each, he proceeds to describe the subordinate magistrates of the most general use and authority, which, he tells us, principally sheriffs, coroners, justices of the peace, constables, surveyors of highways, and overseers of the poor." Besides these are
various other magistrates whose history, pow ers, and duties he does not pause to consider. In this generic sense the term is used in the Declaration of Rights of Virginia, :Massachu setts. and other States. One of these runs as follows: 'That all power is vested in and consequently derived from the people; that magistrates are their trustees and servants, and at all times amenable to them." The writers of the Federalist gave this broad signification to the word when they designated the proposed President of the United States as the chief magistrate of the Union, and compared his pow ers and duties with those of the governors or chief magistrates of the various commonwealths.
At present, the term is rarely employed in legal parlance in its generic sense, except in connection with the office of President or of Governor. In England, it appears to be confined to ordinary justices of the peace (q.v.), who arc appointed by the Crown through the Lord Chancellor, and serve without pay, and to the stipendiary or police magistrates, who are ap pointed by the Crown on the nomination of the Home Secretary, and receive salaries fixed by local boards, subject to the apnro•al of one of the principal secretaries of State. The courts held by these officers, although technically de scribed as petty sessions. special sessions, and quarter sessions, are popularly known as Magis trates' Courts. Stipendiary magistrates must be barristers of at least seven years' standing.
In this country. the meaning of magistrate, as a statutory term, has been frequently considered by the courts. While these decisions are not altogether harmonious, the prevailing view is that the term is to be understood in the narrow sense, now attaching to it in England, of "an inferior judicial officer, such as a justice of the peace." Occasionally, statutes define it with much precision. See Shirley, :ln Elementary Treatise on Magisterial Lam (London, lBOG) ; Dugan, Lam and I'raelice for Justices of the Peace and Police Justices (Albany, 1901).